Israel and Philistine Debate Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Israel and Philistine Debate - Research Paper Example Fact 3inspite of the UN decision, Israeli public would be able not to recognize an independent state of Palestine (Hazony). Palestinian Question: Why did so many Palestinians sell their lands to the Israelis around 1948 if they really did not want Israelis to occupy lands in the area? Fact 1 A massive flow of refugees from Palestinian land to Israel resulted in the creation of a unilateral state of Israel that managed to shelter thousands of refugees from Arab nations and Palestinians (Palestinian Land). Fact 2 Hostile moods of Palestinians in 60s resulted in an unfavorable atmosphere in Israel (Whose Land?). Fact 3 Arabs did not believe in Israelis’ victory in the war and sold their lands to them having a hope to return to their homeland, which, actually was sold by their own hands. Israeli Question discussion The first fact that implies a more flexible policy conduct by Israeli is effective for putting up a conflict in Palestinians’ war for independence only in case P alestine would be ready to negotiate all core issues of their separation from Israeli. The majority of supporters of unilateral existence of Israeli and Palestinian states confirm the fact that the independence of the latter would result in a numerous chain of military conflicts or may even lead to war. Moreover, Israeli public claims that it will be able not to recognize the independence of Palestine. This fact can be justified, because this nation has sold its own land to Israeli and did not want to live as an independent nation, but now it appeals for the international community and has a clear intention to fight for its independence (Benari). With regards to the previous facts of hostile moods of Palestinians, it is hard to believe that the independent state would show tolerance to refugees, development of social programs etc (Palestinian Land). Moreover, an intention to establish an independent government could disturb Israeli’s territory. Palestinian Question discussion In the end of 40s, Israel managed to give a shelter to thousands of refugees from Palestine. In 10 years, Palestinians were not pleased by the fact that their land has already been gone, though it was their own fault and they sold their land themselves. Palestinians have deeply rooted historical bounds with Israel. This land is their motherland. The core of the conflict should not be found in the pieces of land that historically belonged to Palestinian public, but it is better to work in favor of the country, Israel, that saved this nation. Currently, Palestinians appeal for the UN and insist on â€Å"the promise it made to them six decades ago, ensuring that a just resolution for Palestinian refugees is put into effect† (The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict). Conclusion A life-long conflict between Israel and Palestine is rather challenging and represents an interesting topic for discussion. It has deep historical roots, but in order to solve it, it is desirable to look at the historical essence of the conflict. Therefore, in one way or another, but Israel has a dominance over Palestine, because it owns the land that was sold to them by Palestinians. It would be better for Palestinians to confirm the fact of their existence in terms of the state that sheltered

Which aspects of Communism posed a challenge to liberal capitalism in Essay

Which aspects of Communism posed a challenge to liberal capitalism in the first half of the Twentieth Century - Essay Example Furthermore, in the communist system of Government basic needs such as health care and education are provided by the state since wealth was also equally distributed. The press was also owned and controlled by the state. The central focus of the communist system was on communal progression. On the other hand, the capitalist system was driven by the democratic system of Government and allowed for private ownership of property as well as press freedom. Furthermore in the capitalist system wealth was not evenly distributed since free enterprise was allowed, and its central focus was on individual progression1. Since the shift from communism to capitalism system was preferred towards the first half of the twentieth century, several aspects of communism posed different challenges to liberal capitalism. This academic paper shall focus on the different aspects of communism that posed challenges to liberal capitalism in the first half of the twentieth Century. This paper shall also address other related features such as the relationship between communism and coercion as well as how communism was understood in different parts of Europe2. Before the shift from Socialism to Capitalism in parts of Europe such as Russia, empires were under monarchs. The Russian society was composed into four groups namely the noble who were the ruling class, the upper class who were the clergy, the middle class and the masses. By that period, the ruling emperor was known as Tsar Nicholas the second and had unlimited political power. The noble and upper class owned majority of the land while the majority of the population entailed peasants who were poverty stricken and powerless. When the Russian system shifted from Communism to Capitalism, serfs could not own property hence market forces were not driven by free enterprise. Furthermore, the serfs were not completely free hence the Government was not democratic in any way3. Since theculture in severalcountriesincluding Russia

Brief synopsis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Brief synopsis - Assignment Example ould strive to present themselves as whole beings since the symbolic reduction of woman to something less than whole â€Å"then becomes a rationale for unequal treatment of women† (p. 50). This linkage of image with treatment raises a lot of questions which are then discussed later in the book. This is a web page containing information on the social construct of gender. It has many images from the last two hundred years, including stamps and advertising materials, and contains hyperlinks to articles and statistics which back up statements made. Some useful graphs and tables show how women have consistently earned less than men. A sobering fact is that when Americans were asked in the NORC 1996 survey whether they thought the future of girls were likely to have a happy family life: â€Å"Only 20% thought their chances will be better while 36% thought that they will be worse.† This suggests that American society has a long way to go in achieving gender equality. This is an open access web portal, providing information on a wide range of humanities related subjects and hosted by the Carnegie Mellon University Women’s Center. There are eight topic areas: Activism, Gender and Sexuality. Health, History, Links, Programs, Theory and Workplace. The last section contains articles from the professions, and looks at the literature on student surveys, concluding for example that â€Å"  female professors bear a double burden: they must fulfill both their gender role by being nurturant and warm, as well as their professional role by being competent and knowledgeable.† There are studies also on women in computing, the military, politics etc. This is a huge bibliographical resource which â€Å"lists about 22,400 books and articles, sorted into over thirty major subject areas.† It is administered from Australia but has a world- wide focus. There is a combination of academic and practical material, along with statistics and topical discussions. New submissions are welcome and this

Philosophy in daily experience Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy in daily experience - Assignment Example The only thing she wanted was that because of her children taking part in extracurricular activities their grades should not suffer. I told her that it would be a pleasure for me if I could help her to deal with this issue. She smiled and said that perhaps I could help her by talking to my cousin and make her understand that how important education is. I agreed and went to my cousin’s room. Sally was awake, reading Inferno. I knocked the door and she asked me to come in. After greeting her I sat next to her on her bed. I asked her about her result. She said that she is not happy with it but still her only priority is basketball at the moment and education is merely a formality for her. I asked her if I could see the book she is reading. She handed me the book. I said that does she even know that what this book is about. She said she has just started it and she is not yet clear about the concept of the book. I said if I was Dante from the book I would summarize the whole concept of this book as people who end up in hell are the ones who do not have the knowledge about what is right and wrong; the knowledge that we can only gain through education (Dantes Inferno). She seemed quite interested in what I was trying to explain it to her. She said that she always thought that education is just a formality for her and nothing else. I paraphrased one of the most famous quoted from Aristotle’s Metaphysics which goes something like this that every person needs wisdom to deal with the principles and causes of things. I told her that there is nothing wrong with making her career in sports but as Aristotle says education will definitely help her to deal with problems and will help her to deal with things (Aristotles Metaphysics). I told her that education is the source of turning the minds of the people towards good, according to Plato. It helps us to come out of the darkness and see the sun. Sally

Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) Iodide

Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) Iodide The Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) iodide and Tin (II) iodide.   Introduction: Alfred Werner, a Swedish chemist, determined the octahedral coordination of Werner complexes and gave rise to the field of coordination chemistry. The complexes contained a central transition metal bonded surrounded by a number of negatively or positively charged molecules. The coordination of the structures where unknown until Werner discovered the coordination of Hexaaminecobalt (II) chloride, which is written in many ways, suggesting different coordination of the atoms. The purpose of the experiment conducted is to determine the coordination of three Werner complexes and characterize their structural formulas through a variety of techniques. The techniques utilized are analysis of free chlorides, measuring the conductance, magnetic susceptibility, and of hexaaminecobalt (II) chloride, pentaamine cobalt (II) chloride, and hexaaminemickel (II) chloride. By titrating the complexes with silver nitrate solution, a precipitate of silver chloride forms and precipitates out of the solution. The non-bonding chlorides in the complexes are reacting with silver forming a precipitate with a low solubility. By calculating the amount of silver nitrate that was used in the titration, we can determine the amount of silver chloride that precipitated out of solution, this results in the amount of free chloride in the solution. Comparing the ratios of silver chloride produced to Werner complex in the solution, free chloride ions can be determined. The conductance of complexes was also determined. The conductance of the complexes corresponds to the ions that are present within the solution. The electrical conductivity the complexes are measured once dissolved in water, the anions and cations dissolve in water. This allows for the determination of structure for metal complexes. The last technique used was the determination of unpaired electrons in the werner complexes. The Werner complexes were either diamagnetic or paramagnetic, as the contained paired or unpaired electrons which were calculated. Experimental/Observations: Part 1: Synthesis of Hexaaminecobalt III chloride (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 : In an Erlenmeyer flask, a solution containing 4.689g of cobalt III chloride (CoCl2Ά¡6H2O, a dark purple crystal), 3.005 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, opaque yellowish crystal) and 5ml of water was heated. The solution started out purple and over time, as it was heated, a color change was noted. Solution turned dark blue over time. Decolorizing charcoal was added, causing the solution to become much dark. 10ml of concentrated ammonia (NH3) was added to the solution causing it to become brownish/red in color. After the solution was to cooled, 10ml of a 6% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added, the solution was heated for 20 minutes at 600C. The solution was then cooled again and vacuum filtered. The bright reddish/brown product was then transferred to a solution containing 2ml of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 40ml of water. The filtrate was then gravity filtered and another 5ml of concentrated HCl was added. The filtrate was cooled once again and vacuumed filtered. 2.8591g of the bright reddish/brown product was dried and was isolated at a yield of 36%.. Part 2: Synthesis of Pentaaminecobalt III chloride (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 : 7.5g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 15ml of 14M NH3. Finely ground CoCl2Ά¡6H2O was added the ammonia solution, in small portions, while it was agitated. The solution was initially   purple and transparent and adding the the cobalt crystals resulted in the formation of a brown slurry. 7.5 ml of 30% H2O2 was slowly added to the brown slurry, causing an effervescence reaction to occur, releasing a white gas and becoming much darker. Once the effervescence had subsided 45ml of HCl was added to the solution. The solution was heated to 850C and agitated for 20 minutes, then cooled down as a two layered solution was formed. A top blue layer and a bottom dull pink layer. The precipitate was then vacuum filtered and washed with 30 ml of ice cold water, 6M HCl, and 100% ethanol. 6.5729g of the purple product was dried and isolated with a yield of 80%. Part 3: Synthesis of hexaaminenickel III chloride (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 : 1.2g of hydrated NiCl2, a fine light green powder, was dissolved in 95% ethanol. 5ml of 14M NH3 was added to the nickel solution as it was brought to a boil. The addition of the ammonia lead to the formation of a faint purple precipitate that was vacuum filtered and wash with ethanol. 0.58g was isolated with a †¦ % yield. Analysis of Compounds: The products were analyzed to determine their magnetic susceptibility, conductance and the amount of free chloride in solution. The conductance measurements were obtained for all three products through the Sherwood scientific apparatus. 50 ml of 110-3 M aqueous solution of each of the products was prepared by dissolving 0.01570g of Ni(NH3)6Cl2, 0.01252 g of Co(NH3)6)Cl3 and 0.01337g of Co(NH3)5)Cl3 in a 50 ml volumetric flask. The conductance measure was then taken. A Johnson-Matthey magnetic susceptibility balance was used to determine the magnetic moment of each of the three products. The products were packed into a tube and the reading was taken. The analysis of free chlorides was carried out on both cobalt solutions. 0.05g of the cobalt products was dissolved in a 50ml Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with silver nitrate solution. Fluorescein was used as an indicator and the end point was determined to be a bright pink layer of the cobalt solution. Data: Table 1. Results for the synthesis of Co(NH3)6)Cl3, Co(NH3)5)Cl3 and Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 Actual yield Percent yield A Theoretical yield B (Co(NH3)6) Cl3 2.8591g 54.2% 5.272g (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 6.5729g 83.29% 7.891g (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 0.58g 49.23% 1.170g Sample calculation for percent and theoretical yeild of Co(NH3)6) Cl3 : Table 2. Results for the analysis of free chlorides for (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 and (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 Volume of AgNO3 Mass of compound Moles of free Cl- (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 0.532 ml 0.514ml 0.05g 3 (CO(NH3)5)Cl3 0.417ml 0.515ml 0.05g 2 Sample calculation for moles of free cholride for Co(NH3)6) Cl3 : Table 3. Results for Conductance Measurements for three compounds Molar conductance (ohm-1cm2mole-1) Number of ions C Lit. ValuesC (ohm-1cm2mole-1) Co(NH3)6Cl3 297.6 4 235 273 Co(NH3)5Cl3 100.8 2 118 135 Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 234.3 3 235 273   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C) Values obtained from appendix from corresponding molar conductance values. Table 4. Results for the magnetic susceptibility for the three compounds ÃŽ §g (emu mol-1) ÃŽ §Meas ÃŽ §Dia ÃŽ §Para  µeff S Unpaired electrons (Co(NH3)5) Cl3 -3.046*10-8 -3.25*10-6 -190.2 * 10-6 0.0001864 0.6625 0.235 0 (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 -2.603*10-8 -6.507*10-6 -177.2*10-6 0.0001706 0.6326 0.2236 0 (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 -1.015*10-7 -2.345*10-5 -166.7*10-6 0.0000713 0.020 0.010 0 Sample calculation for (Co(NH3)5) Cl3 : Chemical Equations: In the three-chemical reactions, the metals reacted with the amine forming the products. The chemical reactions are as follows: Part 1: 2CoCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl+10NH3(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2Co(NH3)6Cl3 + 1/2O2(g) Part 2: 2CoCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl+8NH3(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2Co(NH3)5Cl3 + 1/2O2(g) Part 3: NiCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 6NH3(aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ni(NH3)6Cl2(s) + 6H2O(l) An oxidation reduction reaction was occurring as hydrogen peroxide was added to the cobalt solutions and used to reduce the cobalt to its 2+ state. The redox reaction is as follows: R: H2O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   H3O+ + 1/2O2 + e  Ã‚     Ã‚   (1) O: Co3+ + e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Co2+  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) Discussion: To determine the structure of the three complexes, three different techniques where utilized. A magnetic subspecialty measurement, a conductance measurement, and an analysis of free chlorides in each of the three products. Visible color changes were observed in the formation of the brightly colored products indicating that a successful reaction had occurred. The change of color is due to the change in oxidation state. Hydrogen peroxide was used in the reduction of cobalt complexes producing two differently colored cobalt complexes. The in the oxidation reaction we see a change in oxidation state of Co from 3+ to 2+ as hydrogen peroxide is being oxidized. A change in oxidation state causes the solution to change color as the metal complexes contain electrons that absorb light energy and jump to an excited state in a different molecular orbital Analysis of free chloride. A solution containing 0.05g of Co(NH3)6Cl3 and Co(NH3)5Cl3 was titrated with a silver nitrate solution. The number of moles of free chloride ions was then calculated through their mole ratios. It was determined that Co(NH3)6Cl3 solution contained3 free chloride ions while (Co(NH3)5Cl3 solution contained 2 free chloride ions. The calculated ratios (Table 2) of free chloride ions indicates whether the Chlorine ions are bonded with the cobalt complex, as free chloride ions will precipitate out of the solution in the presence of silver nitrate. From this we can assume that 2 moles of chlorine are not bonded to in cobalt complex in Co(NH3)5) Cl3 while all 3 moles of chlorine are not bonded to the cobalt complex in Co(NH3)6)Cl3. We can conclude that chlorine helps stabilize the positive charge of cobalt complex in Co(NH3)6)Cl3 while a single chloride ions is bonded to the cobalt complex of Co(NH3)5Cl3. Fluorescing, the indicator used in the titration, was added t o the solution with 2ml of 2% dextrin solution. The dextrin solution prevents the coagulation of AgCl and the prevention of the AgCl aggregate on the surface of the solution. Molar conductance. A solution of all three products was prepared with a concentration of 10-3M. The molar conductance reading was then taken at 20.50C on a Sherwood scientific apparatus. The conductance values were obtained and compared to the literature values and the number ions of each solution can be determined. Co(NH3)6Cl6 had a conductance value of 297.6 ohm-1cm2mole-1. From the corresponding literature value, this conductance is due the presence of 4 ions in one mole solution. Similarly, Co(NH3)5Cl5 and Ni(NH3)6Cl2 had molar conductance value of 100.8 and 234.3 ohm-1cm2mole-1 which correspond to 2 and 3 ions per mole of solution respectively. From this we can determine the formula of each of the compounds. In hexaaminecobalt (III) chloride, 4 total ions are present which results in one from Co(NH3)62+ + 3Cl. In pentaaminecobalt (III) chloride, 2 ions are present, one from Co(NH3)52+ + Cl. In pentaaminenickel (II) chloride, 3 total ions are present, one from Ni(NH3)52+ + 2Cl. H owever, for data from the analysis of free chloride does not confer with the molar conductivity of the pentaaminecobalt (II) chloride complex. From the analysis of free chlorides, it was determined that one mole of the complex contained 2Cl while the molar conductance suggest 2moles of chloride ion. This discrepancy may be due to the product not being fully dried, and the moisture water may interact and distort the reading of conductance. Magnetic Susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility was carried out on a Johnson-Matthey apparatus that determines the magnetic moment of each complex. Through calculating Spin values it was determined that both Cobalt (Co3+) complexes, with a d6 electron configuration, does not have any unpaired electrons as the spin values were close to 0. From this, we can assume that the electrons are in a low spin state as Hunds rule of multiplicity suggest that electrons would be paired with altering spin states, and unpairing the electrons would require an increase in energy to overcome Δ0. The Nickel (Ni2+) complex contain two unpaired electrons. Its d8 electron configuration, with 2 unpaired electrons in a high spin state. The low spin state would not be observed as paring the two electrons was require extra energy. The three compounds, (Co(NH3)6) Cl3, (Co(NH3)5)Cl3, (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 were successfully produced and to give yields of 54.2%, 83.29%and 49.23% respectively for the three compounds. The yields of (Co(NH3)6) Cl3 and (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 is rather low but it to be expected as the sample may have been lost during the vacuum filtration process while being transferred. The coordination of the three complexes was determined to be Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5Cl)Cl2 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2. Conclusion: The purpose of the experiment was to characterize the structural formulas werener complexes through the synthesis of Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5)Cl3 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2 and the coordination of the compounds was determined to be Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5Cl)Cl2 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2 . The characterizations were conducted with three techniques that determined the moles of free chloride ions, conductance and magnetic moment of the three complexes. The analysis of free chloride ions determined that 3 and 2 chloride ions were present per mole of the two cobalt complexes. Indicating that Cl is bonded to Co(NH3)62+ complexes, while non-bonded to the Co(NH3)5, but function to stabilize the charge on the complex. The molar conductance of the complexes resulted in the presence of 4,2 and 3 total ions for the three Werner complexes. Lastly, the magnetic moment of three complexes was determined and the spin states where calculated. It was determined that both cobalt complexes (Co3+) contained 0 unpaired electrons, i n a d6 diamagnetic electron configuration, in a low spin state. The nickel complex was found to contain 2 unpaired electrons, in a d8 paramagnetic electron configuration, with 2 electrons in the high spin state. References: Simon Fraser University. Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry 236W laboratory manual: 2016. Vol. 1.81. Print. 9 -10 Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. Inorganic chemistry; Prentice Hall: Boston, 2011.

Developing a Healthy Relationship after Abusive Relationship

Developing a Healthy Relationship after Abusive Relationship The available evidence in this review suggested that in (2003), it was projected 1.3 million females in the U. S. were targets of offensive relations (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003; National Institute of Justice, 2005; Tjaden Thoennes, 2000). Sources indicate that psychological health specialists play a serious part in the curative procedure after being in domestic violence relationships (Bryant, 2013). Based on this analysis, the examiner suggested that psychological health specialists must be prepared and experienced to move maltreated females from being sufferers to fighters learning to live a life without aggression (Graham-Bermann et al., 2009). For example, close contact occurs when individuals share significance or co-create appreciation, and can establish their behaviors to echo their combined significance (Blow, 2009). Blow, (2009) proposed that strong domestic affiliation support systems are significant to uphold ones mind. Taylor, (2016) proposed that communal backing is connected to excellent health and happiness in that it can be comprehended as being both precautionary and beneficial. The collected works demonstrates that surviving is a significant perception in accepting the connection between (IPV) occurrence and psychological wellbeing (Calvete et al., 2010; Krause et al., 2010; Lee, Pomeroy, Bohman, 2009). Current collected works shows that managing does not only affect the IPV, but also effects IPV fighters psychological wellbeing (Calvete et al., 2008; Krause et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2007; Clements Sawhney, 2000; Kocot Goodman, 2003). Many people wedged by DV (Humphreys, 2003) have been able to become strong and unwavering conducts in the face of very demanding surroundings (Linley Joseph, 2004), according to pliability investigations. As Per Warner (2004), he noted that struggling can be a kind of direction to help women as in resilience to help create a new free from aggression life story. The goal of this research is to listen to the females verbiage about their occurrences acquiring a wholesome connection. This research falls into the Capella program of research under the category of advocacy across the lifespan. The findings from this study can be used to advocate for battered women for more direct service, and intervention that can be recognized to help intimate partner or domestic violence survivors. Women survivors of abusive relationships learning to develop healthy relationships. SECTION 1.2 The examination collected works show that rates of (IPV) are above normal, and rates of individuals looking for help for their problems are below average (Flemming, 2016). Brosi, 2004; Hays et al., (2010) suggested that the available evidence seems to inform us that women that are being abused obtain various pressures such as developing self-assurance in a new relationship, surely it be with a male or female friends, or with a new counselor. What we do realize is that by directing DV fighters in assisting them to deal with their previous situation by joining treatment approaches to better help them comprehend the method, and occurrences of maltreated females. It will assist them to acquire other abilities, and viewpoints about themselves, and their establishing a locale for them to grow (Paulina, 2015). We understand that sufferers of forceful attacks may encounter disruptions in confidence and/or self-competence, as well as anxiety/evasion, emotional constriction, and sensual dysfunction (Koss, 2000). We also realize that Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977; 1982) in abused females have a tendency to be important to females willingness for change. Also, Tirone, (2014) proposed that empowerment in an planning of getting unique provisions, and feelings of self-efficacy, can assist females in noticing more the assessment of their unmannerly association. Presently, lack of research exists that may help to explain how some female survivors succeed after being through the turmoil of domestic violence while other women struggle with getting out of the relationship (Lerne, 2008). Though numerous examiners are predisposed to explore the undesireable results of forceful associations, a small number have acknowledged how this knowledge might have interested the crucial optimistic alteration or development (Young, 2007). According to Allen Wozniak, (2010) what seems to be missing in the investigation is the sympathetic method of what happens after a person exits an unmannerly association, and in what approach they develop a harmless, non-forceful, and eloquent existence. According to McDonald, (2013) states what is seems to be overlooking is on the outcome of times that has gone by of agression or mistreatment has on other parts of females lives, such as associations, their vision of themself and how they monitor their lives or additional years after parting. (Section 2.1) Women survivors of abusive relationships learning to develop healthy relationships. DV against females is characterized as Intimate partner violence (IPV) which is both a human privileges matter and is an importance of general security concern that (IPV) is the most devastating sort of sexual emphasis based unkindness (Fagan, 2010). The 2013 Global Burden of Disease Study assesses that 30% of women age 15 or over have come across a bodily or sexual (IPV) for the length of their lives (Owusu et al., 2016). The IPV, adds to numerous unfavorable dealings for the sufferer such as despair, disrubtive behavior, feelings that there is nothing to live for especially in females, nervousness, low sense of worth, incapabile to confide in others, especially in persomal associations, fear of intimacy, and signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (Bergen, 1996; Roberts, Klein, and Fisher, 2003). Cognitive Trauma therapy for Battered Women according to Kubany, Hill,Owens,2008) reported that the treatment of (CTTBW) is considered to use for women who have PTSD linked to IVP ,and that are no longer involved with the abuse partner. Survivors of domestic abuse have a history of maltreatment, and are frequently out of touch with their needs that are powerless to express, and are unable to ask for their needs to be met. Existing studies shows that therapists that treat individuals of DV is their duty to confirm that they are empathetic of the abuse dynamic forces and the impression of the long-term negative effects these have on the survivor (Sanderson,2009). Supporting evidence have showed that women who have experienced IPV pull on from different protective resources to develop resilience (Perez et al.,2012). For, instance, among certain womens spirituality has been known as an important protective portion for them who have experienced abuse. Furthermore, Gillette, De la Rosa, (2010). Proposed that positive religious coping has a connection with positive mental health, including greater happiness, quality of liveliness, and psychological well-being Avele at all., 2006; Lee, 2007; Harris et al., 2008). Linley Joseph (2004) reported that resilience studies showed that for some individuals in any which way of ongoing, highly stressful environments, generally those impacted by domestic violence can get into heathy and stable behaviors. Bearing in mind with couples treatment in (IVP) the crucial voices and ends should do with (1) aquiring ideas of positive and agression-free associations (2) evaluating love, compromise, and wedded contentment; (3) learning to develop faith and re-establishing well-being (Stith et al., 2005); and (4) the use of a met discussion, i.e., discussion among the therapists in the direction of the couple (Cooper Vetere, 2005; Stith et al., 2005). Coker et al (2009) suggested that around half of DV get into proper services, mainly crisis hotlines, emergency DV shelters, and community-based programs which offer services from safety planning, counseling, and peer support groups to job search support and housing assistance. Sanders, (2010) reported that once the survivor rejoin they can commence the renew of their lives in the direction they are in control of. Furthermore, as they feel more associated they will begin to start new friendships, increased social support relationships in the knowledge that can set healthy boundaries against future abuse or manipulation. Prior examinations has founded that women fighters of DV have connected resiliency effects that have allowed them to overthrow the undesireable effects of domestic violence. (Vanbreada, 2001; young 2007; Weiner, Wilson 2009). For instance, a few studies have suggested that some associations among defensive influences in the procedure of pliability, such as using treatment will intensify the control to enlarge the social assistance system (Senter Caldwell, 2002; Smith, 2003). (Section 2.2) How do women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing a healthy relationship with a male partner? Define Terms: Women fighters are females who have produced a selection to be conscious from being easy targets. Representatives of individual change who are more in control of their lifetimes (Mercy, 2001). Unmannerly relations (Mercy, Zwi, and Lozano, 2002) defined as heartlessness as they consider explanation behind physical pressure or control, crippled, against oneself, another individual, or against a social affair or gathering, that has a high likelihood of achieving harm, demise, mental harm, maldevelopment or hardship (p. 5). Healthy relationship definitions. Honesty -When a dating companion that lies, it demands time to build that trust in him or her. Honesty builds trust and strengthens the relationship (Debnam, 2014). Respect implies that every individual value who the other is comprehends the other individuals limits (Debnam, 2014). Self-Confidence -When dating partners have trust in themselves, it can support their associations with others. It demonstrates they are quiet and appropriately friendly to permit others to express their beliefs without compelling their own sentiments on them (Debnam, 2014). Section 2.3 The aim of this qualitative research study is to answer the research question: How women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing a healthy relationship with a male partner. Within this study, the research will address how the female fighters who have been in an unmannerly associations explains their occurrences of developing a healthy association with a male companion. By doing so the present study will demonstrate how these adult females will learn how to healthy relationships. As, per Buchlinder Eric, (2005) suggested that mental health professionals are to help women move toward an insightful position regarding the impact of their psychological emotional, verbal abuse in their lifetimes. By empowering women and reinforcing to them that it is not their fault, dismissing the insult, and granting them the tools to help themselves can be part of the answer to this social and wellness issues (Carretta, 2008). Section 2.4 The qualitative research will be given to the phenomenology approach because it was developed in psychology, and it will intend to explore the world live experience of people (Creswell, 2013). The qualitative research is a kind of review to considering an individual familiarity, connections, and conduct patterns. It follows to explain, and translate the style of an individuals conduct, and incentive (Bursztyn, 2016). Consequently, this examination will assume, and define the women survivors of DVs understandings of the inquiries partakers in a detailed setting, and document information from partakers in their own languages (Ponterotto, 2005). Creswell, (2013) reported that phenomenology describes the effect of life experiences for people holding an actual phenomenon or notion. Furthermore, the phenomenology is the scientific study of the presence of things, of phenomena just as researchers examine them in their knowledge, and does not worry itself with issues of fact, but seeks to uncover meanings of the phenomena being considered (Creswell, 2013). The phenomenological study offers the way for people to talk about their experiences in their own terminology (Creswell, 2009; Patton, 2002). The experience from the women survivors of abusive relationships establishing healthy relationships will be discovered from their own spokespeople. The aim of the phenomenological study is to achieve information that provides a point of view on how a collection of individuals undergo the experiences of a phenomena or idea (Creswell, 2009). However, IPA originates from the phenomenological tradition, and the focus of research is therefore on investigating topics or objects as they are represented in and perceived by the participant Iversen, 2012. Smith Osborn, (2003) suggested that the using the descriptive IPA is to examine how individuals make significance of their private realm, and has its phenomenology, hermeneutics, and ideography. Moustakas, (2006) suggested that existed understanding is not something that can be calculated or measured and many instances a phenomenological investigator has curiosity or motives for wanting to study the lived knowledge (Creswell, 2013). Section 3.1 The latest examination will add to the methodical by comprising the female fighters of DVs familiarity to womens feminist theory in that it will shed light on the style in which ladies and men have been associated in the United States (Hunnicutt, 2009). The DV field is the foundation of womens rights, and liberation. The focal example of intermediation was women fighters helping other fighters (Berry, 2002; Wilson, 1997). Melzer, (2002) suggested that the noteworthy idea of feminist theory is to stack the lack of sexual category struggles and its reviews of their knowledges, awareness, and communal gatherings of mature females. The feminists understanding of encouragement of females is as the most effective way to deal with man to woman violence behavior (Forgey, 2006). This present study will add to the scientific information base of addressing and recognizing the familiarities of female survivors who have been in a rude association telling their history of developing healthy relationships by applying empowerment-building models which are suitable and very much needed in the social and behavioral science field intervention with disempowered females who are sufferers and fighters of DV. Section 3.3 The applied insinuations of this research will help with distributions of services, for example research proposes the significance of service delivery upholding its feminist gender-based model, as it creates better results for women (Abrahams Bruns, 1998; Goodman Epstein, 2008; Weisz, 1999; Zweig Burt, 2006, 2007). The stakeholders that will be absorbed in the examination info regarding female fighters who have been in an unmannerly association explain their occurrences of developing healthy associations. studies have shown better results from the feminist gender based model. The feminist gender-based model accepts that battered females are intellectual gifted females who need a harmless place to live while working on refining their condition and gaining from plans offered by their shelter if they choose (Lehrner Allen, 2009). The outcomes from this study will benefit stakeholders by adding to the knowledge base and advance study. The examination outcomes will be suitable for pro gram campaigners, communal essential resources, and politicians to raise funds, and bring awareness for more services. Section 4.1 The phenomenology examines the independencies lived settings, and everyone has their exact practicality; realism is individual (Creswell, 2013). Phenomenology focus on the inner core of experience. Likewise, it seeks individuals who are willing to express feelings, and experiences (Creswell,2013). The phenomenological style is positioned in a model of individual learning and bias, and focus the individual point of view, and interpretation (VanScoy, 2015). The phenomenology approach agrees for analyzing information in an investigation of women who been in an abusive relationship describing their experiences in growing sound relationships. As per Wertz, (2005) recommended that the phenomenological attitude needs to be empathic as such the researcher strives to give his or her own world behind and join through the written description, into the situations of the participants. Van Scoy, (2015) further proposed that IPA provides an additional approach to research wanting to implement a phenomenological approach. It is like other phenomenological approach in its basic point on understanding experiences from the members view. Though, its sole focus is on the individuals experiences of a phenomenon The IPA continue from a purposive homogeneous model and is the most common data collection technique using semi-structured interview Smith, (2016). The key system used in this study to collect data in IPA studies is semi-structured consultations (Smith et al., 2009, p. 56). Brocki and Wearden (2006) proposed that some disimiliar tactics are infrequently used, for instance, journals, field notes, and email consultations (pp. 92-94); in any case, the distinctive greater part of IPA research depend on data from in-person consultations. The choice to use the semi-organized consultation as the only foundation of information for the assessment mirrors (IPAs) value of the members conversion of the occurrence under review. As Smith, et al. (2009) clarified, members ought to have been allowed a chance to recount their stories, to talk openly and brilliantly, and to build up their thoughts and express their worries at some length (p. 5). IPA consultations emphasize on a preparation of specific reviews yet to take into thought flexibility in adopting up on answers mentioned in reactions to the given inquiries. Smith et al. (2009) prepared six to ten open-finished questions that include a variety of sorts: account, illustrative, basic, differentiate, evaluative, round, and similar (p. 58). How women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing healthy relationship Characteristics: The larger population from which the sample will be drawn are from women from different cultural backgrounds . The area where this research will take place is in the Bronx, New York. The sample for this study will be selected from the population of diverse ages females coming from different backgrounds ages 27-60 who identify as survivors of domestic violence. The phenomenological sampling works well when the individual studied represents people who have perceived with the same phenomenon (Creswell, 2013, page 155). The sampling design: The testing strategy utilize will be nonprobability sampling. Non-probability practices any sampling technique which the chance of a person being chosen into the sample that is unknown (Creswell, 2013). The sampling strategy utilize will be nonprobability sampling, and the performance is purposive. As such this sampling has a purpose in mind in that there is something close to the possibility participations you want to know about (Creswell, 2013). This design is of useS for this research since it entails an understanding to the process of women healing after being in an abusive relationship. Likewise, the purposive sampling tactics are well-thought-out to increase the apprehension of the chosen individuals or group experiences and the role of advancing their thoughts, and ideas (Creswell, 2013). Population is women ages between 27 to 60. Inclusion criteria Females ages from 30 to 60 years old. Gender diversity Exclusion Criteria Potential participants that have been in healthy relationship for at least 4 years prior to the research.Has been diagnosed with a mental health issue. Section 4.3 Creswell, (2015) highlighted that one must first get approval from university or college institutional as well as individuals at the research site. Then the study will be within groups participating in therapy for (DV) and through social media advertising to women in healthy relationships, with the approval and permission of the administration staff and on a voluntary basis. Legerski Bunnell, (2010) noted that confidentiality plays a major part in protecting individuals in the research procedure. Informed consent written will converse confidentially about the research, and the protection of the research participants. All interview data collected will be coded statistically, and no names will be recorded to protect confidentiality. Research electronic data will be stored on a translated drive and any paper documents will be secured in a locked file cabinet at the researchers site. The data will be saved for several years. The drive will be destroyed, and the paper documents will be shredded. Moreover, making sure all the participants are protected throughout this inquiry. The Belmont Report will be adhering to protect all the participants by using the following ethical principles e, (a) respect for persons, (b) beneficence, and (c) justice. Respect for persons requires recognition that people are autonomous agents and that those who may have reduced autonomy must be protected. Beneficence requires that researchers do no harm, while make the most of the possible benefits and minimizing possible harms. The rule of justice indicates that people should be treated equally (Goodie, 2013). The following description will be talking about protecting the research participants involve in this arena as a necessity to ensure every one of the members in this study will be ensured by applying the moral standards as per the (Economic and Social Research Council rules 2006). Protecting human participants with informed consent at the start of the research, therefore, all the participants involved will be handed to them an inform consent that will talk about confidentiality before the inquiry commences. Also, participants are told the conditions they will encounter, and are given the freedom to accept or decline participation (IIgen, 2001). Therefore, the informedconsent process will be handmade to address each individual need in the research, and differences to help ensure thSat they are protected Sas well as the researcher in this study. Lastly from the beginning of the study researchers at no time when collecting consent forms for this study should leave. Likewise, researcher should not force participants to sign the inform consent (Creswell, 2014). Section.5.1 First, the research staff will need to assemble a team to create an outreach support social media site such as Facebook, and or twitter where they can connect with our staff. The research team can also create pamphlets flyers with the researchers contact information as well as a schedule of conference call or Skype times to be placed at local hospitals, clinics, librarys adult section, and school offices. Second, once the researcher establishes a clientele list the researcher should negotiate a local location where the researcher can meet with individuals for a face to face setting where the researcher will give the client the proper materials to sign advising the information given may be subjected to research teams for further use in studies. Once the researcher gets approval from the administrator of the social media site, and manager of the location that they will use for one on one interview the researcher should submit those letters of approval to Capella for review. Creswell, (2015), states that qualitative research involves the work of a research site (s), and gaining permission to read the site in a manner that will enable the easy accumulation of data. Recruitment: Recruitment will be done by phone contact from individuals responding to flyers that were distributed, and from repliers on the social media websites. Flyers would have already been distributed; social websites would have already been created, and left open for anyone to join if they met the criteria. Also, the location to be used for interviews should be added to all distribution whether by flyer or social media sites. Once participants reach out to our researchers screening process will begin. Screening questions: Are you between ages 27 60 Have you been in a stable relationship within the last 4 years Potential participants can contact the researcher by phone or email. This information is listed on all recruitment documents. The researcher will collect the name, phone number and email addresses of the potential research participants when they respond to flyer or any social media site discussed above. (Section 5.2) Steps to obtain data information collected will lead off by setting up a scheduled one on one consultation either in the office, and or in a local group therapy office to gather the necessary information to begin the research study. The researcher will contact the potential participants by phone or email the contact information they provided to schedule the interview and discuss interview details. In the meantime, when all the participants have been screened interview scheduling will get going for those who fulfill the prerequisites. Prior to accumulating the necessary information, a signed consent form should be reviewed then signed by the participant with the clear understanding that all the information collected may, and will be reviewed by other qualified members or professionals to help resolve any participants issues. The participants will then be given the location of the interview. Each participant will be interviewed separately, so that secrecy can be maintained. One hour semi-structured interviews will be scheduled. (Section 5.3) How women survivors who have been in an abusive relationship describes their experiences of developing healthy relationship Gathering these descriptions can be worked in several ways, of which face-to-face interviews are the most common. The face to face interview will be taken place local therapy officewith permission of the IRB, and the administrative staff . The rationality behind these questions is to try to get the individual to try to explain their feelings of overcoming their past experiences to help them cope, and allow them to move on with their lives and the hope of beginning new and successful relationships. Do you think it would be difficult to start a new relationship after having been in an abusive relationship? In what ways? Rational- To get a better understanding how she is dealing with her trust issues. Since your last relationship, how would you describe any difficulties you have had in trying to begin a new relationship ? Rational- What has gone well. Can you describe what is like when you interact with a male in a social environment who interest you? Rational- The rationale behind this question if she is ready to establish a solid relationship. Describe for me the process youve experienced in building a new relationship with a male after dealing with all the emotional, verbal, and or physical abused you endured in a previous relationship? Rational The rationale behind this question to understand is trust is a major issue. What would be the warning signs, and what steps would you take if you ever found yourself in an abusive relationship again? Rational- To be able to understand if she has evaluated how she wants things to be different in her life, and if she has awareness of how an abusive relationship may begin in small ways. How would you describe a healthy relationship you feel you now have, or would hope to have in the future? Rationale: To be able to recognize if she is aware of the signs of being in a healthy relationship. (Section.5.4) The qualitative research step by step guide to data analysis. Creswell, (2013) highlighted that the data is sensitive of the qualitative analysis, and are generated by interviews as the participants talk about and think along the phenomenon from their subjective views. Wertz, F.J. (2005) endorsed that the phenomenological analysis starts by focusing on the situations preceding to trying general knowledge. This researcher will utilize as per Smith, Osborn, (2007) a step by step approach sketched of the (IPA) in this study. First, during the interview the researcher will be asked questions, listening, and recording the research participant. The following step by step by (Smith, Osborn 2007). First the (IPA) phenomenological researcher can listen and transcribe verbal descriptions and interviews. Read the complete transcription to understand the general the process Continue to read the transcription using the left margin to the note any interesting or noteworthy things the co-researcher alleged Read again the transcription again, using the right margin to begin to organize evolving themes Join the themes by looking at links between them; gathering on a separate sheet. Associate on bunching the original transcript to guarantee correct wording Generate grouped themes to create superordinate themes and link in key words and page numbers of transcripts. Overall finish the same process with all transcriptions of co-researchers. One could notify other transcripts of the superordinate list from the first transcript. Finally generate column of superordinate themes. Researcher then arranges and reduces data to focus on themes. Lastly, translate themes into a narrative write up; explaining and showing them by quotations. (Section 5.5) This scholar has not had any previous data collection or research experience, but has learned about research through the research courses for the masters course of study human behavior. As such the qualitative phenomenological method, will be studied to develop skills as a qualitative researcher. This scholar has not had any previous data collection or research experience, but has learned about research through the research courses for the masters course of study human behavior. As such the qualitative phenomenological method, will be studied to develop skills as a qualitative researcher. In the past I have discussed the issues of domestic violence with friends who have experienced this problem in their own relationships, in some situations, I have noticed that certain instances have been rather serious, and I had to recommend that they sought out legal services to help to rectify their problems. In my own personal life during my teen years I have been known to choose the wrong type of male to become associated with. In my opinion I felt like that was due to not having a father figure in my life to guide me when i

Double Lives in Victorian Literature Essay -- Literary Analysis

The existence of a â€Å"dark double† abounds in many literary works of the Victorian Era. These â€Å"dark doubles† are able to explore the forbidden and repressed desires of the protagonist, and often represent the authors own rebellion against inhibitions in a morally straight-laced societal climate. The â€Å"dark doubles† in these stories are able to explore the socially unacceptable side of human nature, and it is through these â€Å"dark doubles† that many of the main characters (and through them, the reader), are able to vicariously explore and experience the illicit, forbidden, and often exciting underbelly of what was considered deviant behavior. The accepted â€Å"normal† behavior that strict Victorian social protocol demanded could be cast aside by these â€Å"dark doubles† and the â€Å"immoral† desires of the human heart could be explored in the safety of ones sitting room. In Oscar Wilde's play, â€Å"The Importance of Being Ernest,† we see a satirical prodding of the hypocrisy associated within the strict moral code of English â€Å"genteel† society. The play's protagonist, Jack, creates his own â€Å"dark double†, his supposed carefree, immoral, and decadent brother, Ernest. It is through his own creation of Ernest that Jack is able to lead his entertaining double life. While portraying himself as Ernest, we see Jack pursue all of the things that he is incapable of exploring in his own stuffy Victorian world as Jack. While explaining his presence in town to Algy, Ernest states, â€Å"Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere?† (690). Ernest goes on to explain to Algy what occupies his time this way, â€Å"When one is in town one amuses oneself. When one is in the country one amuses other p... ...clear through the literature of the time, that individuals were beginning to question the necessity, both morally and socially, of either living a double life or having to repress their desire to do so. It is through these â€Å"dark doubles† that many authors were able to explore and expose the hidden truths within their character's personalities, and possibly themselves. By giving their character's the â€Å"masks† of these â€Å"dark doubles†, they were able to tale the truth. Works Cited   Kipling, Rudyard. "The Mark of the Beast." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2006. Print. Stevenson, Robert Louis. New York: Simon & Brown, 2010. Print. Wilde, Oscar. "The Importance of Being Ernest." The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview, 2006. Print.

The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- peaceful protests, civil disobedien

The civil rights movement in the middle of the 20th century marked an important point in the changing of race relations in the United States. Prior to and during the civil rights movement, African-Americans faced legally sanctioned persecution and Jim Crow justice at the hands of white Americans. Peaceful protests and other methods of civil disobedience were often met with aggression and violence from whites. Although legally having the right to vote since the 19th century, many African-Americans were unable to practice their right. Poll taxes and often outright violence made exercising their right to vote difficult and dangerous. In 1961, Robert Parris Moses worked to register fellow African-Americans to vote, and he and his coworkers were met with much resistance from the white community. "Along with other SNCC workers who subsequently joined him and local blacks who supported them, Moses was harassed and beaten; he was jailed several times. The threat of violence discouraged most blacks from registering" (Albert, 69). In the result of Brown vs. the Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was unconstitutional. This decision reversed the previous decision in the case of Plessy vs. Ferguson, ruling in favor of the legality of the separation of races, as long as the facilities were equal. After the legal ending of segregation, one of the major focuses of African-Americans was to integrate schools. They wanted their children to benefit from the better facilities of the schools for white children. Unfortunately, the integration of schools was also met with resistance and violence from white communities. The experience of Fred Schuttlesworth, shown left, and his wife, while trying to enroll in a white high s... ... by local police departments. Even if the local police departments were forced into action, it is easy to imagine how few faced jail time suitable punishment when being tried in front of a jury of their white peers. Local police forces even encouraged vigilante justice by turning prisoners over after their release, another act for which participants were surely not held accountable. The violent stories that can be told of events during the civil rights movement illustrate the manner in which race, violence and crime combine, in a way that is difficult for many young Americans to relate with. Works Cited Albert, Peter J. and Ronald Hoffman Ed. We Shall Overcome: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Freedom Struggle. New York: Da Capo Press,c. 1990 Branch, Taylor. Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963 - 65. New York: Simon and Schuster. c. 1998.

Barriers Of Critical Thinking Essay

Today I will be writing on the three barriers that affect me from becoming a critical thinker and ways that I can overcome these obstacles. 1st Barrier- SELF-CONCEPT- With self-concept I deal with low self esteem and insecurities. I guess because I was in an abusive relationship as a young teenager. The words that would come out of the person’s mouth made me feel worthless. And the patterns that have been repeated in my life over and over until I met my husband always made me feel that what I was doing wasn’t good enough and I’m worthless and no good to no one. To overcome this barrier of critical thinking these are the things I can do to feel better about myself so that I can achieve the things that I know that I’m capable of doing. One is to change how I feel emotionally about myself. To change my emotion requires changing two different core beliefs about my self image. Meaning I will work on how I perceive myself. 2ND Barrier- EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES ( DEPRESSION)- I cannot really establish a time line of when I became overly depressed but I do recognize some of the key factors that play a role in my depression. The lost of my mother because we never had a mother and daughter bond because of her addiction. The fact that she chose drugs over me and my siblings and I was left to raise children at an early age and never had a childhood of my own. Other key factors I don’t wish to discuss out in public and all the unhealthy relationships I’ve had and always feeling worthless. The one conclusion to dealing with the emotional influences affects my critical thinking is to  seek help and talk to a therapist so that I will be able to one day overcome this barrier. 3rd Barrier- STRESS – I believe everyone will have at least a little stress in their life no matter what you do, once you get over one obstacle another arises. So the only thing I can say about overcoming this barrier is that whatever stressful thing that arises in my life I will learn to deal with them head on instead of letting it build up. To keep saying the serenity pray in my head until I believe what it means. And If the situation cannot be changed, such as an illness or the economy, accept it for what it is. Keep reminding myself that accepting does not mean giving up. By accepting the situation and finding ways I can cope with what cannot be changed, stress can be drastically reduced . Learn to relax and look at the big picture. Evaluate my stressful situation from a â€Å"big picture† point of view. Ask myself â€Å"how important is this?† and â€Å"will this matter in the long run?† If the answer is no, it’s likely not worth my time and en ergy.

History of the Marine Nco

Role of the Marine Non Commissioned Officer After the Vietnam War ended, the Marine Corps’ main focus changed from broad scale operations, to being an Expeditionary Force in Readiness. Although this was no new role for the United States Marine Corps (USMC), there have been many changes in society, technology and tactics that affect how the Corps operates. However, over the last 36 years one thing has remained the same, and that is the role of the Marine Non Commissioned Officer (NCO).With the world changing ever so rapidly, the strong values and responsibilities of the Marine NCO are now, more than ever, necessary to carry out the operations being assigned to United States Marines. The role of the NCO is characterized by their leadership skills, ability to train and care for their subordinates, as well as their responsibility to enforce Marine Corps standards to ensure the proficiency of the Marines in their unit. 1 Strong NCO leadership is extremely crucial on the battlefield , particularly when it comes to small unit combat operations.The Marine NCO must have courage to be able to lead their Marines in the presence of danger. An excellent example of the courage shown by an NCO is portrayed through the actions of Sgt Dakota L. Meyer. On September 8th 2009 (Corporal at the time), Meyer’s unit was ambushed by over 50 Taliban insurgents. This turned into a six-hour fire-fight, in which he risked his life for his fellow service members. Meyer repeatedly exposed himself to enemy fire to rescue the wounded, and bring 13 U. S. Marines and Soldiers, as well as 23 Afghan National Army Soldiers to safety. Along with these actions he also killed over eight enemy combatants. For his actions, Sgt Meyer has been nominated for the Medal of Honor and is scheduled to receive it sometime in September 2011. Sgt Meyer’s outstanding leadership has proven how important the values of courage and selflessness are in the Marine Non Commissioned Officer. Another imp ortant responsibility of the NCO is to ensure their Marines are knowledgeable. During humanitarian aid missions like Operation Restore Hope (Somalia 1992) and Operation Unified Response (Haiti 2010), troops were deployed on short notice. It was imperative that these Marines understood the mission, and had the proper training before hand to carry out these tasks.The focus that NCOs put on training and preparedness was proven to be successful when it came time for their Marines to assist in expediting the relief efforts. The training Marines are given consists of maintaining annual qualifications, Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), and Professional Military Education. It is the responsibility of the Non Commissioned Officer to ensure that their junior Marines are completing rifle qualifications, physical fitness tests, swimming qualifications as well as any other yearly requirements.Marines should also be seeking knowledge in and outside of their MOS on a regular basis, and are en couraged to do so by their NCOs. The more knowledge Marines possess, the more successful they will be as individuals, as well as the USMC as a whole. The deep sense of professionalism and tradition is influenced heavily by the Marines who enforce the standards of the Corps. It is said that the Marine NCO is the Backbone of the Marine Corps. This can be attributed to the fact that it is the NCO, who enforces the regulations and standards of the Marine Corps.Non Commissioned Officers have a thorough understanding of Marine Corps Orders, and the Uniform Code of Military Justice. They make sure that Marines are conducting themselves professionally, and that they are proficient in their work. NCOs set the example by keeping a good personal appearance, attitude and sense of leadership at all times. These standards and traditions have remained strong until today because of strong NCOs. Throughout the many changes the world has experienced since the end of the Vietnam War, the Roles of the Marine Corps Non Commissioned Officer have remained the same.NCOs continuing to lead, train, set the example, and ensure Marine Corps standards are followed has contributed to the overall success of the Marine Corps. It is clear that one of the most important parts of the USMC is the role of the Marine Non Commissioned Officer. Bibliography History of the Marine NCO Student Guide. Quantico: United States Marine Corps EnlistedProfessional Military Education Curriculum Branch, 2011. The Marine Corps Organizational Structure Student Guide. Quantico: United States MarineCorps Enlisted Professional Military Education Curriculum Branch, 2010. Medal of Honor Sgt. Dakota Meyer Operation Enduring Freedom.Official U. S. Marine Corps Website: USMC Division of Public Affairs Media Team, 2011. http://www. marines. mil/community/Pages/MedalofHonorSgtDakotaMeyer-HeroicActions. aspx (accessedSeptember 7, 2011). Endnotes 1 History of the Marine NCO Student Guide. (Quantico: United States Marine Corp s Enlisted Professional Military Education Branch, 2011), 5. 2 Medal of Honor Sgt. Dakota Meyer Operation Enduring Freedom. (Official U. S. Marine Corps Website: USMC Division of Public Affairs Media Team, 2011), http://www. marines. mil/ community/Pages/MedalofHonorSgtDakotaMeyer-HeroicActions. aspx (accessed September 7, 2011).

Madness through king lear Essay

In the 17th Century, madness was still a relatively new concept. Many people believed it was due to a person being possessed, which resulted in madness often being linked back to black magic and witchcraft. In context, the public would frequently visit Bedlam Hospital to enjoy the spectacle of a madman’s behaviour thus, Renaissance dramatists typically used ‘mad scenes’ for a comical effect. In spite of this, Shakespeare seems intent on a serious, if not slightly disturbing, portrayal of madness in King Lear. Throughout the play King Lear, we bear witness to Lear’s gradual and possibly inevitable descent into madness. As early as Act I Scene 1 we, as the audience, observe early signs of the king’s insanity, albeit political at this point, we are alarmed at Lear’s decision to break up his state. Especially through the means he wishes to do so, his ‘love-test’ is foolish and egotistical, as is his desire to be treated as an important, royal personage after he has given away his kingdom. It is fair to say that all through Act I Scene 1 Lear shows many times that he most concerned with appearances. Seemingly his ‘love-test’ is going to plan, as Goneril and Regan extravagantly pledge their love and allegiance to their father, this is until Cordelia refuses to comply with Lear’s ‘love-test’, answering â€Å"I love your Majesty according to my bond, no more, no less. † simply meaning that Cordelia loves her father as a daughter should. Lear, in his blissful ignorance, cannot see past Goneril and Regan’s elaborate speeches and instead feels humiliated by his youngest daughter’s unadorned answer. As a result, he disowns her and banishes her, Cordelia then departs to France. We can see Lear is already losing control as he goes to strike his faithful advisor Kent and banishes him also, all because Kent questioned the Lear’s actions. As a consequence of Lear’s vituperative temper and his irrational, ‘insane’, actions he leaves himself powerless and at the mercy of his two eldest daughters, with neither his loyal advisor nor his devoted youngest daughter to protect him from what is to proceed. As the play progresses, we can see that the king’s identity is gradually becoming unbeknown to him when he asks the question â€Å"Who is there that can tell me who I am? â€Å"1, we can see that Lear is slowly losing his wits. Lear’s speeches become increasingly disjointed as he becomes more distressed, hinting at the madness that will overtake him later in the play. He is becoming progressively isolated due to his fragile mental state, thus, through Lear the idea of madness could be seen as being presented as vulnerability. In Act II, Lear’s changes of moods and tones indicate his escalating mental instability. His foolishness persists as he insists he will stay with the daughter that allows him to keep the most knights; there is desperation in his confrontation with his ‘dog-hearted’ daughters. Eventually, the beleaguered king’s rages become signs of impotence, not authority, emphasising the fact that the patriarch’s insanity has left him powerless and increasingly vulnerable. When the storm starts we recognise that Lear’s fear that he would go mad, first voiced in Act I Scene 4, has been realised. The storm serves as a metaphor for Lear’s – and England’s – plight, his speeches establish and reflect properties of the storm. Through the storm, Lear’s madness is presented as destructive as his speeches are full of anger and distress, as the mad king moves swiftly from one topic to another. The violence of the imagery that the king employs reflects his state of mind. It is easy to see how Lear’s insanity could be viewed as destructive; he has caused his kingdom’s predicament through his rash actions at the beginning of the play, he has divided his family through his egotism and in his ‘mad’ rages he often behaves like a scorned child using invective language. However, all this considered, Shakespeare also presents Lear’s madness as pitiful. Due to his madness Lear confronts his failings: as a father and a ruler. He shows compassion to the characters that have helped him i. e. the Fool, Kent/Caious and Poor Tom. Even when Lear starts to regain his wits, we sympathise with the king as with his new clarity of vision brings with it distress and much regret. These are not the facts that make us truly pity Lear; it is the reality that wisdom came too late. Jesters were often kept by the monarch to provide witty analysis of contemporary behaviour and to remind the sovereign of his humanity; Lear’s Fool certainly fulfils these functions for his master. At first glance, the Fool’s professional madness is rendered as comical, his seemingly asinine jests often lighten the tone and provide some much needed moments of relief, the Fool’s flippant remark about Poor Tom’s clothing is a good example of him lightening the tone of a distressing scene. However, through the Fool’s professional insanity Shakespeare presents a hidden wisdom. Lear’s Fool is ‘all-licensed’ which essentially means that the Fool is licensed to say things to his superior that anybody else would be punished for. Taking this, and the fact that Lear and his Fool seem to have a very close relationship (the Fool calling Lear ‘nuncle’ and Lear calling the Fool ‘boy’), throughout the time the Fool exists in the play he is able to counsel Lear. The Fool’s sarcastic jesting is blunt and hard hitting. Almost as soon as the Fool enters in the play he harps on Lear’s folly, this is apparent when the king asks ‘Dost thou call me fool, boy? ‘ to which the Fool replies ‘All thy other titles thou hast given away; that thou wast born with’2. Through the Fool’s madness he serves to push Lear towards the truth about his daughters this is evident when he warns Lear that Regan will side with Goneril, ‘Shalt see thy other daughter will use kindly; for though she’s as like this crabs like an apple, yet I can tell what I can tell†3. And again when he hints at the dangerous situation Lear has put himself in by reversing the natural order, making his daughters his mother, ‘The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long that it had it head bit off by it young’4 – this is clearly warning the king that his daughters will turn against him. Furthermore, the Fool also tries to open the king’s eyes so that he can see these truths on his own, ‘Thou shouldst not have been old till thou hadst been wise’5, as well as have some insight as to why these events are occurring. The third character in question is that of Edgar / Poor Tom. Edgar, Gloucester’s legitimate son, is introduced as being a passive, credulous dupe upon whom Edmund’s6 devious practices ride easy. We are only given a succinct introduction of Edgar before Shakespeare haves him disguise himself as Poor Tom. In the days of Shakespeare, ‘Bedlam hospital’ housed the mentally ill. When they were released Bedlam inmates were allowed to go begging for survival; this is what Edgar has been reduced to by his gullible father and his brother’s trickery. â€Å"My face I’ll grime with filth, blanket my loins. Elf all my hairs in knots, and with presented nakedness outface the winds and persecutions of the sky†7 the fact that Edgar has to disguise himself as a ‘Bedlam beggar’, wandering the countryside in nothing but a loin cloth in order to preserve his life, presents to us his vulnerability and the sheer desperation of his feigned madness. Initially, Edgar is presented as a seemingly lucid character yet, as the plot unfolds we see he has many purposes within the play. Shakespeare uses Edgar’s alias Poor Tom to provide some comical relief as the plot thickens as some of his antics and ramblings can prove to be amusing gibberish. However, in contrast, Poor Tom’s erratic breathless craziness in Act III Scene iv increases the pathos infinitely. A prime example of this would be when he (Edgar / Poor Tom) says that a ‘foul fiend’ â€Å"laid knives under his pillow and halters in this pew, set ratsbane by his porridge†, indicating towards suicide, this speech reflects Edgar’s fragile state of mind and, although fake, his madness is distressing to the audience. We are reminded of Edgar’s humanity in Act III Scene vi (the mock trail scene) as he listens to Lear’s lunatic agony, his ‘act’ as Poor Tom momentarily breaks down at â€Å"Bless thy five wits† this in turn is another moment in which Edgar’s caricature increases the pathos of a scene. Furthermore, I feel that Shakespeare is using Edgar / Poor Tom’s situation to mirror Lear’s. Similarly to the besieged king, Edgar is now reliant on charity and he has also had his world and expectations turned upside down. Edgar’s assumed madness indicates towards Lear’s eventual submission to complete insanity in Act III, through Poor Tom we glimpse what Lear will be reduced to. Madness is portrayed in different ways through these characters: professional, feigned and genuine insanity. Nonetheless, the idea of madness is presented as purposeful, almost like a journey, for all three of the characters in question. Edgar’s ‘pilgrimage’ through his contrived madness serves the obvious purpose of preserving his life. The preservation of Edgar’s life enables him to guide his father but ultimately through his madness his valour is awakened allowing him to play the role of avenger at the end of the play. However, Edgar’s madness also serves a purpose to the principle protagonist, Lear, as it is noticeable that on the heath Edgar’s presence as his caricature Poor Tom aids Lear, as through interactions with Poor Tom the king’s humanity and understanding increase. The Fool’s professional jesting provides some much needed moments of relief. In spite of his comic role, the Fool’s main purpose within King Lear is to, in essence, be Lear’s conscience. In other words, he bestows the king with truth and reason throughout the turbulent situations that occur during his, the Fool’s, time in the play. Due to the fact that he is ‘all-licensed’, and also has a close relationship with the king, he can inform and criticise Lear for his mistakes without being punished for it, this permits him to counsel Lear. Lear eventually gains the insight he needs to perceive his daughters and society for what it really is, insincere and immoral. The Fool’s abrupt disappearance signifies that Lear has gained all the understanding he needs to distinguish between and reality. Therefore, the Fool is no longer needed: his purpose has been fulfilled. Unlike Edgar or the Fool, Lear’s madness is not an imminent occurrence, it develops throughout the play. The insanity of the king is unequivocally ironic, in his apparent sanity he was introduced to be conceited and imprudent, yet when he is ‘mad’ he becomes a more humble, compassionate and attractive character. At the beginning of the play Lear acts exceptionally irrational and cannot see the verity of his superficial values but as a result of his ‘madness’ he demonstrates an increasingly sincere, tolerant side to his nature. Attributable to his intensifying humility he is able to recognise his wrong doings as a leader and a father thus, the king’s madness redeems him as he learns the value of true emotion and is able to consider the sufferings of those close to him. Consequently, this enables Lear to reconcile with his beloved daughter Cordelia. In conclusion, the madness of King Lear is deeply distressing, it develops from and points back to the king’s instability.

Fish- Beneath the Surface (An article for ‘Future of Fish’ magazine)

Natural cod stocks going down. There has been much press coverage of the decline in natural cod stocks due to over fishing in the North Sea. I like my cod and chips and so was quite concerned about this. It may be too late to get the numbers back up to 1970's levels but less documented by the press, is the rapid growth of mariculture, the cultivation of marine organisms for food, which retailers say could ‘revolutionise the fishing industry' (2). I visited the Manx Mariculture fish hatchery to investigate the principles behind fish farming and soon discovered that it was not without its problems. As my guide, Rick Fullerton, explained, a bacterial problem in the live feed meant that the hatchery faced a crisis in the year 2006 when only a few hundred cod were produced instead of the target 1 million. This is a common problem in mariculture and there is the potential for exciting new developments in the production of live feed which could eliminate this problem in the future. Use of live feed as an answerMuscular System: Muscle Metabolism In order to kill bacteria, live feed may be disinfected or treated with UV rays (6). A recent study (Cutts, Sherwood and Treasurer) showed that bacterial numbers were lower in tanks of live feed treated with Pyceze, often used as a disinfectant of water and a preservative in cosmetic products, and the survival of larvae was 6.1% higher (6). Other future developments in the production of live feed may include using rotifers which match the nutritional requirements of the larvae. This could be achieved by finding new methods of enrichment. Research in collaboration with Australia's Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) has been carried out into developing enrichment methods using vitamin C, bacteria and fungi (7). Rotifers: These multicellular animals are 200-300à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m in length and are kept at a density of around 1500 per ml (3). They supply the nutritional requirements of fish larvae by retaining nutrients which are then passed on to the larvae (5), ensuring rapid growth. As I go round, a putrid smell laces the air. Dark and bitter, it hangs heavily in the small room. The humidity makes it difficult to breath. Four tanks prevail to one side, overbearing. This is the live feed room of the Manx Mariculture fish hatchery. I peer closer to make out the reptilian green contents of the tanks. Here, rotifers, used as live feed, are grown in aerated tanks on a diet of yeast and algae at 25à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C (3), optimum conditions for growth. The cod and turbot larvae farmed at the site are reared on these for up to 20 days during which time it is not possible to produce food pellets small enough for their consumption. To small to be seen with the naked eye, rotifers are an excellent replacement of the fish's natural diet, zooplankton (copepods) and they are enriched to supply the nutritional requirements of the larvae. Nutrition in the diet is essential in ensuring optimum growth. Brine shrimps: With my knowledge of cod limited to its appearance in a plastic take-out box, the sight of the fish at 20 days, with their dark silken bodies deftly navigating the water, surprises me. At this age, they are around 7-8 mm in length and are fed for a further 20 days on brine shrimp, or Artemia, 500-700 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m in length (3). By using a specially formulated diet for the Artemia, their nutritional content is increased to maximise the growth of the larvae. This also reduces pigmentation problems in the turbot, a species of fish I had not previously heard of. My first impression of them is that they bear a certain resemblance to the shape of a stingray. They line the bottom of the holding tanks, their slender bodies overlapping, producing a carpet of shimmering grey. A tight ship: Nevertheless, live feed production is extremely expensive. To improve efficiency at Manx Mariculture, rotifer production is carried out as a continuous process. Future developments are needed in the production and reliability of rotifer and Artemia whilst reducing the cost of the feeds. Recent studies (Lubzens E, Zmora O, Barr Y, 2001) have shown that the rotifers, B. plicatilis and B. rotundiformis, are two species of rotifer most suited to mariculture. Fish and chips – a change of diet As cod are cannibalistic, grading is carried out at 2 to 4 months using filters of increasing width to separate out different sizes into different tanks. This increases the survival rate of smaller, weaker cod which may not have survived in the wild. As it is not economically viable to produce live feed in large amounts as the fish mature, they are weaned off this and onto a diet of hard fishmeal pellets. This is achieved by gradually increasing the ratio of hard pellets to live food, fed once a day using automated feeders suspended above the tanks. Made from smaller species of fish and crustaceans unfit for human consumption, standard fishmeal has a content of 65-67% protein and 12% fat (8). There may be some dispute over the validity of this data as it is from an internet site and the source is not clear, therefore it cannot be guaranteed that the information is entirely accurate. Fishmeal contains proteins, lipids, minerals and vitamins but very little carbohydrate. Its close composition to that of the fish's natural diet makes it an excellent alternative (8). Fishmeal increases feed efficiency and growth due to a greater nutrient uptake and absorption. It also provides a high amount of energy per unit weight (8). Lipids in the diet provide phospholipids and fatty acids required for optimum growth and development. They are also important in the structure and function of cell membranes. They can be easily digested and have a high energy content which is important as the diet contains little carbohydrate. This is most likely because there is limited availability of carbohydrates in marine environments (9). If the diet does not provide enough energy, protein needed for growth will be broken down instead which increases the costs of fish farming. Protein is needed in the diet as it provides the 10 essential amino acids which the fish cannot synthesis. Fishmeal also contains minerals such as calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and vitamins including the B-complex (8). There are, however, ethical concerns over the use of fishmeal as some argue that for every tonne of farmed fish produced, 5 tonnes of fishmeal are used in the process. On the other hand, fishmeal can be seen to reduce pollution to the environment as there is increased nutrient uptake by the fish (8). Green issues Further environmental concerns which surround fish farming include the pollution caused by waste being discharged into the sea. However, made up of fish waste and undigested food, this is natural and it does not cause major problems or damage to marine environments (3). This likely to be accurate and precise information as Nick Fullerton is a professional with a degree in biology and has had many years experience in mariculture. The energy cost of running the hatchery which includes pumping water 24 hours day and the continuous monitoring probes must also be taken into account when considering the environmental implications of fish farming. A breath of fresh air Continuing my tour, I am shown the large round tanks where the fish are held. A strange looking square device sits on the surface of the water. Consisting of a flimsy plastic frame, it looks unimportant, however, it has the potential to raise the survival of the fish by 90% (3). This is a surface skimmer which cleans the surface of the water by blowing air over it to remove the oily film which would otherwise build up. When the surface is clear, young fish are able to gulp air in order to inflate the swim bladder, an organ in bony fish used for buoyancy. As the fish rely on the water in order to breathe and grow, the water quality can have a huge impact on the success of fish farming (10). The seawater in the hatchery is filtered through filters only 1 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½m thick in order to remove most harmful bacteria and parasites and the continuous flow maintains the water quality (3). Bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Oceanospirillum, Marinobactera and Paracoccus are common in marine environments (11). Much more impressive are the electronic probes which measure oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia levels and pH. However, water is not recirculated otherwise very strict controls would have to be enforced on water quality (3). Oxygen, required for aerobic respiration, is kept at a concentration of 8 mg per litre, or almost 100% saturation (At 20 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, normal pressure and in freshwater, 9.1 mg/L = 100% saturation (12)). Fish require a high concentration of oxygen because they are very active and have a high metabolism. The oxygen concentration is increased when stress levels are elevated such as during transport. This causes the heart rate to increase and so the fish to take in more oxygen. Carbon dioxide levels are kept below 5 parts per million (ppm) and ammonia which is excreted by the fish is kept below 0.02 ppm. PH is ideally kept between 6.5 and 9.0 (10). More advanced probes are being developed but these advancements are limited by cost. Temperature is kept around 7-8à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C for cod and slightly warmer for turbot. These temperatures are maintained by 3 water inlets to each tank of cold, heated and ambient water. Hot water is not used due to the high cost, especially as the water is not recirculated. Food for thought The ethics of keeping the fish at high stocking densities needs to be considered, however, it can also be seen that their survival is much higher than in the wild. At 50 days, this is 20-30% compared with less than 1% in the wild (3). Turbot even appear to thrive at high densities (13) as this is natural to them in a marine environment on the ocean floor. This is likely to be valid information as it comes from an educational source although, published in 1992, it is not up-to-date. Another concern is that if farmed fish escape and breed with wild stock, the genetic strain may be weakened as farmed cod have lost much of their natural awareness (3). Help or hindrance? Mariculture is growing worldwide at a rate of 5% annually (14) but is it actually accomplishing its aim of increasing fish stock? The use of fishmeal in fish farming means that it relieves pressure on one species only to transfer it to others. It can be argued that the numbers of other species of fish removed from the ocean in order to feed farmed fish mean that the problem is not solved. Furthermore, depleted stocks of other species may disrupt complex food webs in marine ecosystems as ‘population dynamics, competition for food and patterns of predation' are changed (15).

Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender

Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender Introduction The issue of gender and equality has been a subject of discussion for a long time in many parts of the world. Since gender is an outcome of socialization, various factors and agents of socialization contribute greatly to the heated debate of gender identity. Studies of Eschholz Bufkin (2001) record that media can be described as a site where the battle concerning gender related issues is fought.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is due to the fact that media is not only popular but also but also wide as it includes, print, audio, visual and audio visual. It is not easy to underestimate various roles played by the media. Nonetheless, scholars have raised a major concern concerning representation of gender in the media. Even through all media is affected by the challenge of gender representation, film and movie ind ustries are greatly affected by same. Several studies which have been conducted illustrate that movies and films are characterized by gender stereotype and violence. Before raising an accusing finger at the industry, it is important to note that the main aim of the industry is to make profit which is only achievable by meeting demands of the audience. However, that does not imply that the industry does not have a great role of ensuring that gender representation is done adequately. Nonetheless, with the current challenges that affect gender like people’s perception and lack of fixed gender identity, movies are challenged to represent gender accurately and balance between making profit and pleasing the audience. With that background in mind, this paper shall focus on various challenges experienced media in representing gender and ensuring that their targets are met. Background Information It is important to research on the trend of gender representation in various films to be in a position to understand various challenges that may have contributed to the situation. Various studies have been conducted to research on roles played by female characters in various movies and films. It is true that movies and films contain both female and male characters and they do play different and various roles. According to the studies of Gilpatric (2010), some people have been having a problem by roles played by women characters the action movies. Further studies indicated that in various action movies, it is rare to have female characters playing as hero and in case they appear, it is only in a romantic relationship. Worse still, even in a romantic relationship, there is usually a strong male character in control of everything. Results in a content analysis illustrated that even in films featuring male dominated professionals, women usually take lesser roles and more often that not, they are usually involved with love affairs.Advertising Looking for research pap er on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many films illustrate women as more feminine since they are displayed as sensitive, easy to manipulate and romantic. On the other hand, men are more masculine as they are illustrated as risk takers, athletic and more aggressive. Such results are clear indications that most of the movies are characterized by gender stereotype since most of the character traits displayed are masculine and feminine stereotypes. Challenges the Media Faces in Representing Gender People’s Perception on Gender The issue of gender is a controversial issue in all sectors. Therefore, it becomes a major challenge for the media to deal with an already controversial topic. In the current world, people have got their own understanding of gender roles. For instance, in many societies, men are viewed as superior to women and are associated with various masculine stereotype character traits. Likewi se, women are also viewed as inferior to men and more often than not, they are associated with feminine stereotype character traits like submissiveness and sensitivity. Moreover, the issue of gender stereotypes is a mater of concern not only to feminists but also to other people in the society. Therefore, people are always sensitive to any advert, film or movie that touches on gender issues. Given that people have their own perception of gender, they end up using the same in interpretation of various movies and films. This issue was well illustrated in the studies of Lee (2008) after carrying out a study to research on the interpretation of people on various marriages that are featured in Disney Films. The results of the study indicated that most of informants viewed marriages in the film in relation to their perception towards gender. For example, to the majority, men usually accomplish their goals without many hindrances while women have got a lot of obstacles to overcome. Althoug h some were able to point out that there are some personal preferences that hinder marriage, some we are still more focused on roles of women in the traditional set up as well as the unfair treatment of women. The issue of gender being a sensitive and controversial requires no emphasis. Moreover, the research has indicated that people have their own perception on gender and other same is prone to change. This is due to the fact that some women who were interviewed made their interpretations in relation to the traditional gender roles while others based their argument on the views present in the contemporary society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Challenges of the Media in Representing Gender specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a situation, it is a big challenge for the media and the film industry to adequately represent both genders when people have their own perception. Worse still, perceptions are not only diverse, but do change with time. It is clear that there is no satisfactory position that media can take even if it is expected to represent gender appropriately. Balancing Between Making Profits and Pleasing the Audience The foremost aim of the movie industry is making profits and it can only be achieved by making sure that the needs of the audience are met. To begin with, the audience comprises both males and females and all do posses different views concerning gender. Men enjoy most when they watch films that display women who are more submissive and less independent. On the contrary, women especially in the current world are more pleased when they watch films featuring independent women. The current era is characterized by transition from the traditional outlook of gender where women were inferior to men to the modern outlook where equality is emphasized. However, it is important to note that there are still some people in the society whose view on gender is determined by traditional beliefs and values. For instance, the study which was conducted in Disney marriages indicated that although some people in the society are more realistic when interpreting films, there are others who are guided by the traditional outlook of gender and gender roles (Lee 2008). Since there a lot of changes concerning the issues related to gender, the movie industry is expected to change accordingly which is a major challenge. It is a fact that women and men may have conflicting views on gender and gender roles. In addition the movie industry must meet the needs of both in order to make any profit. More often than not, movies that meet the needs of men may not end up meeting the needs of women. For instance, films like Tomb Raider featuring Lara Croft and the Kill Bill show that feature empowered women may evoke negative views from men whose perception on gender is defined by traditional outlook. On the other hand, the same movie may become very important to women of the post modernism era. Therefore, in such a situation, movie industry and movie makers are usually at a loss when deciding which position to take. Although it is argued that such films and movies are still making, either position taken just displays inappropriate gender representation. However, a critical analysis of the situation and issues present in the society concerning gender explain how hard it is to arrive at an appropriate representation (Smelik, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is no Fixed Gender Identity Gender identity refers to an individual’s perception in relation to either being male or female and the same may be different from the biological sex. However, to many people, gender identity is defined by the biological sex. It is important to note that currently there are some people who may be biologically females but do identify themselves as males. Similarly, there are other biological males who identify themselves as females. Such a situation is defined by studying various characteristics that define gender like gender roles. Apart from that, there are other people who are in between male and females and are usually referred to as transsexual. Although the situation may have been there before, it is more prevalent currently since as highlighted earlier, there is a change in gender roles and other characteristics that define gender. Therefore, when focusing about gender representation, it is not clear which gender is being focused on. In itially, there was a major problem in representing males and females as the only options of gender. Although studies of Gilpatric (2010) indicate that there has been an issue of gender misrepresentation in the movie industry, the worst hit is the advertisement industry. This is attributed to the fact that gender representation in advertising is characterized by sexism as most advertisements contain behaviours and attitudes that favour one gender. In most advertisements, women are usually illustrated as sexual objects. Studies of Cortese (2008) illustrate that most advertisements do not only help in bringing out the difference between men and women but also in illustrating the cultural assumption of most people that men are superior to women. The situation becomes worse when advertising beauty products since a beautiful woman is usually illustrated as tall, smooth and slender. Although masculinity is also displayed in the mass media through various advertisements, women are usually i llustrated sex objects. The world is also characterized by violence towards women and the advertising industry plays a very big role in the same. This is usually due to the advertisement of alcoholic beverages that promote violence against women. In addition, most of the advertisements contain pictures illustrating sexual violence. Studies of Eschholz Bufkin (2001) also illustrate that even other films and movies are characterized by violence. The case on advertising just illustrates how hard it has been to represent both males and females, no matter the necessity. It is explicit that dealing with males and females is a major problem. Therefore, lack of fixed gender identity complicates the issue even further. This is due to the fact that it is not obvious for a man to take the gender identifying of males and the same case applies to women. More to that the gender identity may change as a result of exposure to various factors that affect gender like the issue of culture which is no t only dynamic but also prone to change. Such factors make gender representation not only difficult, but also a complicated issue due to the fact that with the changing gender roles, it is difficult to mark appropriate gender representation. Conclusion The challenge of media in representing gender needs no emphasis although some believe that the media is not doing enough. This due to the fact that the issue of gender and gender roles is heavily affected by culture which is not only dynamic, but also prone to change. It is easier to conclude that media should embrace change especially in relation to gender roles in the society (Gauntlett, 2008). On the other hand, it bears noting that societies are very diverse. For example, in places like United States, a woman is viewed as independent and less submissive. In places like Asia as illustrated in the film ‘No Joy, No Luck’, the issue of submissiveness is not a stereotype but a fact (Hegedorn 1994). Therefore, it is questio nable how the Asian movies can fulfil the expectation of the audience and at the same time promote narcissism amongst women. In addition, in advertisement, studies of Cortese (2008) indicate that people are currently complaining against the advertisements which are offensive and the same was unheard of some years back. Bent on that, it is important to recognize that media has got many challenges in representing gender due to many factors like lack of fixed gender identity, peoples perception on culture as well as balancing between making profit and meeting the needs of the audience. Therefore, as much as there should be appropriate gender representation, there many hindrances which ought not to be overlooked References Cortese, A. J. (2008). Images of Women and Minorities in Advertising. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Eschholz, S. Bufkin, J. (2001). Crime in the Movies: Investigating the Efficacy of Measures of Both Sex and Gender for Predicting Victimization and Offending in Film. Sociological Forum, 16 (4), 655-676. Gauntlett, D. (2008). Media, gender and identity: an introduction. Abingdon: Taylor Francis. Gilpatric, K. (2010). Violent Female Action Characters in Contemporary American Cinema. Sex Roles, 62, 734–746. Hagedorn, J. (1994). Asian Women in Film, No Joy, No Luck. Academic Research Library, 4 (4), 74-80. Lee, L. (2008). Understanding Gender through Disney’s Marriages: A Study of Young Korean Immigrant Girls. Early Childhood Educ (36), 11-18. Smelik, A. (2010). Lara Croft: Kill Bill and the Battle for Theory in Feminists Film Studies. Singapore Management University.