Information Systems Security Survey Essay

The University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) is an institution that was built back in the 19th century. UNMC’s mission is to improve the health of Nebraska through premier educational programs, innovative research, the highest quality patient care, and outreach to underserved populations (UNMC, 2004). As an institution with key interest to privacy of its students, staff and subordinate staff, UNMC has adopted various policy guidelines to ensure information security system. The Information Security Management Plan (ISMP) describes its safeguards to protect confidential information. These safeguards are meant among another reason to: Ensure the confidentiality of data Ensure the integrity of data Ensure the availability of data Protect against anticipated threats or hazards to the security or integrity of the information UNMC has adopted information security industry best practices to implement its information security system (UNMC, 2014). They have become so effective that during 2011, a Hitrust Gap assessment was performed, and no significant gaps were found within its security program. The worksheet below outlines how these programs have been rolled out by different offices in the university. Worksheet: Information Security Program Survey Security Area Responsible Party / Office of Primary Responsibility Known Vulnerabilities / Risks Countermeasures / Risk Mitigation Strategy Acquisition (systems/services) Information Security Office Breach of the confidentiality clause All service providers must undergo an evaluation process to verify they are qualified. Contracts have a confidentiality clause whose breach terminates the contract. Asset management System Administrator Poor asset management Proper policies and procedure in place  to ensure effective asset management. Evaluation to ascertain the qualifications of asset managers. Audit and accountability Information Security Office Dishonest employees disclosing confidential information to third parties Every application contains a log that must be maintained to meet regulatory requirement. There is Information security Incident Response plan to handle any notable strange events. Authentication and authorization System Administrator Covered data may be transferred to third parties without authorization Employees are provided with user name and password to access the data. Employees are trained on developing a secure password. There are control policies in place governing access to this information. Business continuity Information Security Office Non-coordination and miscommunication between employees All employees are supposed to keep contact information of co-workers and supervisors to seek for help in case of any emergency. Compliance management Compliance Officer the Information Security Officer Employees failure to comply with the set guidelines, policies and procedure There is a compliance form that is filled before a major project is undertaken by the enterprise. The form is to ensure that no new risk is introduced to the enterprise. Configuration control System Administrator Compromised system security Every configuration must have a password. Each password must have at least ten characters. The password must be encrypted at all times. Data System Administrator Data may be intercepted during transmission Database with security keys is available to authorized employees only. Access to classified data is allowed to limited employees. Information security plan ensures security of covered data. Hardware System Administrator Destruction of hardware in disaster Only employees with technical know-how of operating hardware are allowed to use them. The hardware are encrypted for security purposes. Hardware backup system. Identity management Information Security Office Unauthorized covered data and information transfer through third parties Identity Management Program (IDM) outlines procedure for issuing credentials based on the NIST guidance. Checks are done on employees prior to their employment. Incident management Command Centre Incident Response Team Physical loss of data in a disaster An Incident Reporting and Response Plan is in place to report and respond to any  identified risk. Availability of a well-trained incident response team. Command Centre is established to manage emergency. Maintenance procedures Change Advisory Board (CAB) Existing patches within the security system A release process is in place to ensure that the changes do not affect non-primary system. Patching policies for workstations to ensure security. Media protection and destruction Information Security Office Unauthorized access covered data as well as information Data storage policies define how data stored in the media is to be protected. Data is only stored in a secured data centre or encrypted medium. Network System Administrator Unauthorized access to the network Network traffic is controlled by Cisco enterprise-class firewall where inbound connects are only allowed to DMZ. Internal trusted network is provided via an encrypted VPN tunnel. Technical perimeter is established to bar direct access from the internet to the Internal Trusted Area. Planning Information Security Office Poor planning that compromise management of the security system Contingency plan is in place to handle any eventuality. Employees are encouraged to store data on network file servers for backup. All backups are surely stored and marked for easy identification during emergencies. Personnel System Administrator Loss of data integrity Employees are only employed after exhibiting minimum security requirement. Information Security Addendum are to be signed for confidentiality purposes. An insider who ensures that all legal requirements are followed before access is granted must accompany outsiders accessing information. Physical environment System Administrator Physical safety of the environment may be compromised through attacks and burglary No unauthorized personal is allowed within the data centre premises. The data centers are controlled by keycard access. Policy Information Security Plan Coordinator Policies may be misinterpreted by the employee The University’s security policy is enshrined in the Privacy, Confidentiality and Security of Patient Proprietary Information Policy and the Computer Use and Electronic Information Security Policy. The two policies require that authorized people can only access this information. The policies are reviewed every two years to make them in tandem with the prevailing circumstances. Operations The Information Security Officer and the Infrastructure Team  Failure for operations to comply with the system security policy An operation must fill a compliance Checklist or a Security Risk Assessment form for review to verify that no new risk is introduced to the enterprise. Outsourcing System Administrator Unauthorized disclosure of security information by third parties Outsourced vendors must comply with UNMC Policy No. 8009, Contract Policy. Vendors accessing classified student information must sign the GLB Act contract addendum. Risk assessments Information Custodian Poor method of risk assessment that may downplay the actual impact of a risk Security assessment I conducted annually. All applications must meet the organizations security policies and procedure. Software System Administrator Software may be infected with a virus Software should not be installed unless the user trusts it. Vendor update and patches must be installed unless directed otherwise. Software license must be retained to get technical assistance. Training System Administrators and Information Custodians Misuse of security system Loss of data integrity Employees are trained on information security system before they are employed. System administrators and information custodians are annually trained on Specific Information Security Policy and Procedure. References UNMC. (March 2014) Strategic Plan 2010-2013. Retrieved from http://www.unmc.edu/wwwdocs/strategic-plan_06-10_v3-brochure1.pdf United States Government Accountability Office. (February 2010). ELECTRONIC PERSONAL HEALTH INFORMATION EXCHANGE: Health Care Entities’ Reported Disclosure Practices and Effects on Quality of Care. Retrieved from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d10361.pdf UNMC. (February 9, 2004). Information Security Plan. Retrieved from http://www.unmc.edu/its/docs/UNMCInformationSecurityPlan-Sept2010.pdf

Field Programmable Gate Arrays and Applications

Chapter 2 Field Programmable Gate Arrays and Applications ( FPGA ) 2.1 Introduction to FPGA: A FPGA is a device that holds a lattice of reconfigurable entryway exhibit logic hardware. At the point when a FPGA is arranged, the inner hardware is joined in a mode that makes adjustments executing of the merchandise proviso. Dissimilar to processors, FPGAs usage committed equipment for managing logic and do n't hold a on the job model. FPGAs are truly parallel in nature so typical transforming operations do n't necessitate to seek the same assets. Therefore, the executing of one some piece of the proviso is non influenced when excess preparing is included. Additionally, different control circles can run on a lone FPGA appliance at typical rates. FPGA-based control models can authorise basic interlock logicand could be intended to debar I/O drive by an decision maker. Nonetheless, dissimilar to hard-wired printed circuit board ( PCB ) plans which have altered equipment assets, FPGA-based models can really rewire their interior hardware to allow reconfiguration after the control mo del is sent to the field. FPGA appliances convey the executing and dependableness of devoted equipment hardware. A individual FPGA can replace many distinct sections by consolidating a big figure of logicentryways in a lone coordinated circuit ( IC ) bit. The interior assets of a FPGA bit comprise of a grid of configurable logicsquares ( Clbs ) encompassed by an outskirts of I/O pieces. Indexs are directed inside the FPGA grid by programmable interconnect switches and wire classs. 2.1.1 Need of FPGAs: By the early 1980 ‘s extended graduated table coordinated circuits ( LSI ) structured the spinal column of a big part of the logiccircuits in important models. Chip, transport/IO accountants, model redstem storksbills and so on were actualized utilizing integrated circuit industry invention. Irregular â€Å" paste principle † or interconnects were still needed to assist fall in the huge integrated circuits to: 1. Produce world-wide control marks ( for resets and so forth. ) 2. Information marks get downing with one subsystem so onto the following bomber model. Systems normally comprised of few huge graduated table coordinated parts and extended figure of SSI ( small graduated table incorporated circuit ) and MSI ( average graduated table incorporated circuit ) components.intial enterprise to take attention of this issue prompted betterment of Custom Ics which were to replace the expansive step of interconnect. This reduced model elaborateness and piecing cost, and enhanced executing. Then once more, usage Ics have their ain peculiar hinderances. They are by and large highly extortionate to make, and delay acquainted for point with concern sector ( clip to market ) in visible radiation of expanded lineation clip. There are two kinds of disbursals included being developed of usage Ics 1. Expense of promotion and constellation 2. Expense of production ( A tradeoff by and large exists between the two disbursals ) Therefore the usage IC methodological analysis was executable for points with high volume, and which were non clip to market delicate. FPGAs were acquainted as an option with usage ICs for realizing whole model on one bit and to give adaptability of reprogram ability to the client. Presentation of FPGAs brought about alteration of thickness in regard to discrete SSI/MSI sections ( inside around 10x of usage ICs ) . An alternate playing point of FPGAs over Custom Ics is that with the aid of machine helped constellation ( CAD ) devices circuits could be executed in a short step of clip ( no physical design transform, no screen devising, no IC piecing ) . 2.2 FPGA Design Flow: A standout amongst the most imperative focal points of FPGA based lineation is that users can be after it utilizing CAD instruments gave by constellation cybernation organisations. Bland constellation watercourse of a FPGA incorporates wining stairss: 2.2.1 System Design: At this phase conceiver need to take what section of his utility must be executed on FPGA and how to organize that utility with remainder of the model. 2.2.2 I/O integrating with remainder of the system: Input Output watercourses of the FPGA are coordinated with remainder of the Printed Circuit Board, which permits the lineation of the PCB quickly in constellation procedure. FPGA merchandisers give extra cybernation programming replies for I/O outline procedure. 2.2.3 Design Description: Designer depicts outline usefulness either by using conventional editors or by using one of the different Hardware Description Languages ( HDLs ) like Verilog or VHDL. 2.2.4 Synthesis: Once lineation has been characterized CAD instruments are utilized to put to death the constellation on a given FPGA. Amalgamation incorporates bland promotion, slack promotions, power betterments took after by agreement and directing. Use incorporates Partition, Place and class. The output of constellation executing phase is bit-stream papers. 2.2.5 Design Confirmation: Bit stream papers is bolstered to a trial system which reenacts the constellation utility and studies faux pass in desired behavior of the lineation. Timing instruments are utilised to concentrate greatest clock return of the constellation. Soon the lineation is stacking onto the mark FPGA appliance and testing is carried out in nature ‘s sod. 2.2.6 Hardware design and development: The general methodological analysis of adjustments betterment for programmable logicis demonstrated in Fig. 2.1 and depicted in the subdivisions that take after. Possibly the most dramatic differentiation between equipment and scheduling lineation is the manner an applied scientist must chew over the issue. Programing applied scientists have a inclination to believe in turn, really when they are making a multithreaded requisition. The lines of beginning codification that they compose are invariably executed in a specific order, at any rate inside a given twine. On the off opportunity that there is a working model it is utilised to do the visual aspect of correspondence, yet there is still merely one executing motor. Throughout outline entryway, equipment fashioners must think-and system in analogue. The greater portion of the info indexs are transformed in analogue, as they go through a set of executing motors each one of an agreement of macrocells and interconnections-to their end o utput marks. Fig 2.1: Programmable Logic Design Process Normally, the constellation entryway measure is taken after or assorted with times of utile reenactment. That is the topographic point a trial system is utilized to put to death the lineation and affirm that the right outputs are processed for a given set of trial inputs. Despite the fact that issues with the size or timing of the equipment may at present manifest subsequently, the Godhead can at any rate make certain that his logicis practically right before go oning to the undermentioned stage of betterment. Gathering merely starts after a practically right representation of the equipment exists. This fittings agreement comprises of two alone stairss. First and first, a center of the route representation of the equipment lineation is generated. This measure is called combination and the consequence is a representation called a netlist. The netlist is gadget independent, so its substance do n't trust on upon the specifics of the FPGA or CPLD ; it is by and large put away in a standard organisation called the Electronic Design Interchange Format ( EDIF ) . The 2nd venture in the reading methodological analysis is called topographic point & A ; class. This measure includes mapping the consistent constructions depicted in the netlist onto existent macrocells, interconnectednesss, and include and yield pins. This process is like the relative venture in the betterment of a printed circuit board, and it might likewise take into history either programmed or manual design sweetenings. The effect of the topographic point & A ; class procedure is a bitstream. This name is utilised blandly, irrespective of the manner that every CPLD or FPGA ( or household ) has its ain, typically sole, bitstream group. Suffice it to state that the bitstream is the mated information that must be stacked into the FPGA or CPLD to do that bit to put to death a specific adjustments lineation. Increasingly there are to boot debuggers accessible that at any rate take into consideration single-venturing the equipment program as it executes in the programmable logicgadget. Anyway those merely supplement a reenactment environment that can use a per centum of the information created throughout the topographic point & A ; class venture to give door degree diversion. Clearly, this kind of incorporation of appliance peculiar informations into a nonexclusive trial system obliges a great working relationship between the bit and reproduction setup Sellerss.

Health social care Essay

Thought?What is reflective practice? Reflective practice is self re-evaluation of your practice with the customer. Making sure that all issues is reported to management and daily records are kept up to date, on and after every visit. It’s a process that makes you stop and think about your own practice and your actions. Refocusing on your thinking and knowledge to generate new ideas. Look at your behaviour, learning needs and your judgement. Why is reflective practice important? Reflective practice is important for you to focus on how you interact with your colleagues, customers and the each environment that you will be in. It’s an impact on yourself learning and knowledge you have gained. Helps you to recognise on how to what you have done well so it can be put in practice for other situations. Also means in reflecting your own values, beliefs, and experiences which will help your thoughts and ideas to share with your colleagues. Use this to gain better strength weakness so that you learn from your own mistakes and take the appropriate actions in future. Improves your basic judgement and professionally enables you to apply skills to the personal development cycle. How reflective practice contributes to improving the quality of service provision? Contributes to improving the quality of service provision as the care worker constantly revises the policies and procedures and new standards that are being constantly set. Being up to date on the relevant new policies and procedures help the care workers to do their job and maintain of what is expected from them. How standards can be used to help care worker reflect on their practice? Having a standard so they can always reflect with it and achieve the same standardised level that is expected in a care worker. Ensuring that meeting these standards these would be the CQC ESOS and the bluebird ccode of practice that is found in the office.

Sociology: Midterm Exam, Explain the Effects of Sociology

Each human is born into differing sets of cultural and sociological circumstances that make each individual differ from one another in various ways. Culture would be classified as the moral standards, knowledge, beliefs, customs, and whatever other habits man can and will create in a society. This â€Å"Culture† affects each individual passively, or unintentionally, but yet very effectively. Corresponding to this would be the society that an individual is born into. Differing cultures create Societies; societies are made up of cultural relations with others of the same and agreeing culture. Cultures are separated out into â€Å"social classes† naturally because of major differences in cultural habits, beliefs, customs, etc. Social classes are differing cultures: cultures that cannot easily coincide. A person might be born into the American culture, usually referred to as â€Å"western culture†, and thus he would be immediately different from those of an â€Å"eastern culture†, say those of Iraq or Iran. The differing cultures are obviously based on the differing base of beliefs, the different customs, habits, moral standards, and much, much more! Then there are sociological differences that we refer to as social class. While there is much of the western culture throughout the world, there are even widely differing cultures within the culture itself. These are what form society and social classes. While there is one culture on the east coast of the United States, you will find that the culture on the west coast is completely separate and distinct. One of the more distinct examples that can be given is of those from the south versus those from elsewhere in the United States. Feature Article –  Sociology Test Because of the culture that children are born into, they are immediately immersed in a society that would demand respect and modesty in everyday living. It can be noted that the cultural standard in the southern United States is made up of higher moral standards than other states. Morals are one of the factors that make a culture differ from another. Just by sheer consequence, this culture creates a society that is considerably higher than those surrounding. In history it can be noted that men from the south tended to be more upper class citizens having those of a differing culture under them as working class individuals. African Americans are from a differing culture, which in turn makes the society that they create clash with the society of other cultures. You will find many different social classes that are together in one culture. For instance, Bill Gates would be part of a social class that some farmer from Iowa would not be able to relate to. Generally there are 4 major social classes. These would be the Upper Class (a small percentage), the Middle Class, the Working Class (constituting of most people), and the Lower Class. As well as any average person from the rural town life would not be of the same social class as the president of the United States. A person can be born into a certain social class, but they can also work to attain a higher social class from the point in which they have begun. For the ease of consideration we will chose someone from rural farm country in either Illinois or Iowa; These people are born to their parents into the working class and or lower class that they are part of. There have been people that have risen from the Lower Class up to the position of President, like our current president Mr. Barak Obama. Through natural means, and providential circumstances he was able to get an education and work his way up through the classes, and after many years of work, sits as the current President. Education is a part of each individual’s social class. One of the major factors that separate the Working Class from the Middle Class is their education. People that have taken the time, money and energy to get an education and secure a degree or certificate in some specific area, are of a higher class and social status than those that are just working to provide for themselves in a workforce where no degree is needed. Culture is similar to Social class in that each individual is born into them without any choice, and that they are passively trained to be part of that class. But, a culture is the influence of certain standards, morals, habits, and such that will influence the person, whereas a society is only made up of relationships and certain goals and objectives. By joining together into a social class, the society can achieve what they would not be able to on an individual basis. The same is true for a culture, but to a lesser degree because there are many more cultures than there are social classes. Another term that can be used to describe culture would be: learned behavior patterns. In conclusion, there are many cultures and many social standards throughout the world that affect every person either in a negative or a positive way. Every individual has the influence of their culture and social class on them, to the point that they make distinctions about whom they will associate with and who they are able to have deep or shallow relationships. These are some of the factors that will limit the amount of people that a person is â€Å"able† to marry. The person under consideration must be of a certain culture, in most cases, as well as be of an equal or greater social class. In my opinion, it is the wide distances between these social classes and foreign cultures that cause the many clashes in civilization, causing war and riots among lower people. If people were able to over-come these Sociological differences, then all men would be able to live more peaceably together.

Static Electricity

Everything is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms are made up of even smaller parts called protons, electrons and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge (+), electrons have a negative charge (-) and neutrons have no charge at all, they are neutral. Atoms normally have the same amount of electrons and protons, making them neutral and having no charge. When rubbing things together, electrons can move from one atom to another, resulting in some atoms having extra electrons and a negative charge.The other atoms now have more protons than electrons and a positive charge. When the charges are separated, it is static electricity. â€Å"Electricity is present in all matter in the form of electrons and protons. Any device that develops and maintains a voltage can be considered a voltage source. To accomplish this, the voltage source must remove electrons from one point and transfer electrons to a second point. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) One type of electricity is static ele ctricity. The term static means standing still which makes static electricity an electric charge that is at rest.Static electricity is defined as â€Å"an accumulation of electric charge on an insulated body. † (Free Dictionary) In other words, it is a charge that is created when two objects that are not good electrical conductors are rubbed together, and electrons from one of the object rub off onto the other object. Some of the results of static electricity may be sparks, shocks, or even materials clinging together. The simplest way to form static electricity is by friction. Friction is simply the rubbing of one object against another.By rubbing two different materials together, â€Å"electrons may be forced out of their valence shells in one material and picked up in the shell of the other material. The material that gives up electrons more freely becomes positively charged and the one that gains electrons becomes negatively charged. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) When the electrons are relocated from one material to another, it is called triboelectric charging. Static electricity is formed much better in areas with low humidity and dry air. With humid air, tiny water molecules can collect on the surface of different materials and prevent the buildup of an electrical charge.Although small amounts of water, such as those developed from humidity, can affect a charge, â€Å"extreme turbulence among water drops†, such as in a thunderstorm cloud, can cause static electricity to build up on the water droplets themselves. Benjamin Franklin showed that static electricity is created in a thunderstorm cloud by flying a kite during a storm. He noticed the static electricity by seeing the hairs on the kite stand on end and created an electric spark with a metal key. There are other ways to produce a static charge other than friction or contact.An object can also be charged by induction. Induction is used to produce a charge of opposite polarity. Inductance is defined in the text as an â€Å"electrical property which opposes change in current. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) An inductor is â€Å"a device that generates a counter emf that tends to oppose any change in current through the use of ac current flowing through a coil wire. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) Charging by induction makes use of the electrostatic field surrounding a charged body in order to charge an object without touching it.If a negatively charged rod is brought close to the sphere on the inductor, the negative charges in the sphere move as far away from the rod as possible. By touching the sphere, it is grounded and allows the electrons to completely leave the sphere. Once you remove your finger, the electrons no longer have a way of returning to the sphere and the rod is then positively charged. Static electrical charge can be produced by a high-voltage direct current source. Many air purifiers use both positively and negatively charged plates to remove tiny dirt particles from the air.This system uses an electrostatic precipitator and oppositely charged grids. The dirty air moves through the precipitator which gives the dirt particles a positive charge. All of those particles are then attracted to the negatively charged grid and then the air passes through a carbon filter to remove any odors. Static electricity is also used with photography to work a photocopier. An â€Å"electrostatically charged drum† attracts toner particles to the image in the original document. The metal drum inside the machine is charged at the eginning of each copy. The system inside the photocopier then puts an image of the document onto the drum. The electric charge goes away wherever light shines on the drum and so only the dark parts of the image are still charged on the metal surface. The particles of black toner are oppositely charged and then applied to the drum. The charged parts, which contain the image, are attracted to the toner and transferred to t he paper and finally attached to the paper with heat. Static electricity can cause materials to attract or repel each other.If you use a hair dryer on your hair and then comb through it or just comb it on a very dry day, the plastic comb will collect negative charges from the hair and leave the hair with an excess amount of positive charges. Since like charges repel, the hair strands will push away from each other causing your hair to stand up or â€Å"flyaway. † Static electricity can also cause a spark to jump from one material to another, like when you touch someone and â€Å"shock† them. As you walk across something like a carpet, electrons cling to you.When you have extra electrons, you then have a negative charge and are attracted to positive charges so once you touch someone else, assuming they have a positive charge, you will feel a tiny shock which is a quick movement of electrons. If there are enough positive electrical charges on one object or material and e nough negative charges on another, the attraction may be so great that the electrons will jump to the other object with out the two touching. After a few electrons make the jump, the air begins to heat up and causes more and more electrons to move and the air to get even hotter.This all happens so fast and causes the air to get so hot that it glows for a split second and is known as a spark. The same process occurs with lightning only on a much larger scale. Removing or preventing a static charge can be very simple such as opening a window or using an air humidifier to â€Å"increase the moisture content of the air and make the atmosphere more conductive. † (Wikipedia) Items that are very sensitive to static discharge can be treated with an antistatic agent. Wikipedia defines an antistatic agent as something that â€Å"adds a conducting urface layer which ensures that any excess charge is evenly distributed. † An example of an antistatic agent is fabric softener or dry er sheets which are used in your laundry to prevent and remove static cling. â€Å"Semiconductor devices† which are used in electronics are very sensitive to static charge. These devices are protected using antistatic bags and those who work with these devices ground themselves by wearing conductive antistatic straps to protect their bodies. To test for a charge on an object, you must see how that object affects another object with a known charge.If the two objects repel, that means their charges are alike and if they attract, the charges are opposite. To see if an object is neutral, test it with another neutral object. Neutral objects do not attract with each other, only with another positive or negative object. â€Å"An aluminum-leaf electroscope is a device for detecting the presence of an electric charge and also for determining whether the charge is positive or negative. † (Petruzella, 2001. ) This device is made up of a flask with an insulating stopper. A metal r od goes through the center of the stopper and a metal knob is fastened to the outside end of the rod.Two very thin pieces of aluminum are attached to the other end of the rod inside the flask. â€Å"Normally the positive and negative charges within the electroscope balance each other, leaving it neutral. When a negatively charged body touches the knob of the electroscope, electrons flow from the charged body into the knob and down to the aluminum leaves. Each leaf then becomes negatively charged. Since like charges repel and both leaves are negative, they will diverge, indicating that the object contained a static charge. † (Petruzella, 2001. )In conclusion, static electricity is all around us. It may clean our air or be the cause of a terrible hair day but has both positive and negative effects on many daily routines.Work Cited Page Petruzella, Frank. Essentials of Electronics. Second Ed. Columbus, OH: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, 2001. 39-43. Print. Kurtus, Ron. â€Å"Basics of St atic Electricity. † School for Champions. N. p. , 23 Jan 2009. Web. 17 Oct 2010. . â€Å"Definition of Static Electricity. † The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Web. 20 Oct 2010. . â€Å"Static Electricity. † Wikipedia. N. p. , 16 Oct 2010. Web. 17 Oct 2010. .

Diglossia

Hindi as a Diglossic Language Standard (Suddha) Hindi vs Hindustani:- Hindustani,  commonly known as  Hindi-Urdu  and historically as  Hindavi,  Urdu, and, is the lingua franca of north india and Pakistan. It is an  indo Aryan language and it is deriving primarily from the  khariboli of Delhi, and borrows a large amount of vocabulary from  Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit and Turkic. The colloquial languages are all but indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar. They differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary.With Urdu retaining stronger Persian, Central Asian and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit. Before the  partisan of India, the terms  Hindustani, Urdu,  and Hindi  were synonymous; all covered what would be called Urdu and Hindi today. The term  Hindustani  is still used for the colloquial language and lingua franca of North India and Pakistan, for example for the language of   bollywood  films, as well as for several quite different   varieties of Hindi  spoken outside the Subcontinent, such as  Fiji Hindi  and the  Caribbean Hindustani  of   Suriname and  Trinidad.Standard Hindi, the official language of India, is based on the  khariboli dialect of the Delhi region and differs from Urdu in that it is usually written in the indigenous  devnagari  script of India and exhibits less Persian influence than Urdu. Many scholars today employ a Sanskritized form of Hindi developed primarily varansi, the  Hindu  holy city, which is based on the Eastern Hindi dialect of that region and thus a separate language from official Standard Hindi.It has a literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion & philosophy, under the Bahmani Kings and later on Khutab Shahi Adil Shahi etc. It is a living language, still prevalent all over the Deccan Plato. Note that the term â€Å"Hindustani† has generally fallen out of common usage in modern India, except to refer to a style of Indian  Hindustani Classic Music. The term used to refer to the language is â€Å"Hindi†, regardless of the mix of Persian or Sanskrit words used by the speaker.One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects, with the highly Persianized Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskrit-based dialect, spoken in the region around Varansi, at the other end of the spectrum. In common usage in India, the term â€Å"Hindi† includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu end of the spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word â€Å"Hindi† include, among others: 1. standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India, 2. Formal or official Hindi advocated by Puushottam Das Tandon who was freedom fighter from Uttar Pradesh. e is widely remembered for his effort in achieving the official language of India status for Hindi  and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government , heavily influenced by Sanskrit, 3. the vernacular dialects of Hindustani as spoken throughout India, 4. the neutralized form of the language used in popular television and films, or 5. The more formal neutralized form of the language used in broadcast and print news reports. Hindi has two forms: the H form called   Shuddha Hind and Hindustani Language.Both are based on the same dialect that is Khariboli. The L variety, Hindustani (often simply called Hindi) contains many loanwords from Persian and Arabic (brought by the Arabic and Persian invaders in medieval times), along with a massive vocabulary of English loanwords which increase day by day. The L variety is identical with spoken Urdu—except for the fact that the latter is written in  Perso Arabic script. The H variety was standardized in the 1960s during the movement to adopt  Hindi  as national language of Indian Union.Shuddh  means pure Hindi primarily uses words from Sanskrit to replace not only English lo anwords, but also loanwords from  Persian language  and Arabic which had been nativized for centuries. These words are called  Tatsama  words, and they even replaced many  tadbhav  words, i. e. words with Sanskrit origin but having undergone profound  phonological  change. The L variety is used in common speech, TV serials and Bollywood movies and songs. The H variety is used in official and government writings, scholarly books and magazines, signboards, public announcements and public speaking.

Labour Law and Labour Relations Board Research Paper

Labour Law and Labour Relations Board - Research Paper Example The employee filed a LRB complaint since the executive of the union refused to reinstate her employment and it had violated DFR (duty of fair representation). This DFR complaint had a chance of either being successful or not. The purposes of the DFR are in one accord and in good faith represent an employee in bargain of the possible mistreatment or misuse of labor from them. In this instance, though the union had been breached as no one wanted to represent her and the union leader never took the matter for arbitration. The union is held liable if it refuses to represent an employee or when it discriminates against the employee due to race, age, their status in the union, creed, nationality, sex orientation and of course their personality. This is important because it ensures that any course of action in whatever grievance is put forward on the basis of the merit of the grievance in the case. This may be disputed only in the instances when the grievance in the case is not valid. Thoug h in instances of hostility it is not appropriate for the union to decline to arbitrary represent the employee. If the grievance is ill motivated or not of any relevance then the union is free to decline representation. In this case, the employee who had been accused of stealing had to be represented because the union is liable for his well being. In Alberta Labor relations code cases, there was a case where a complainant Craig Shaughnessy filed a duty of fair representation since the union did not represent him fairly during his dismissal from Aluma Systems Inc. He contacted his supervisor who did not help him much either. Eventually the union did not side with the complainant, as they could not the safety issues he claimed to be fleeing from at the time of his departure from the work place without the consent of any authorities. The union further explained to the complaint that he should be responsible of his actions or inactions as he made his own decision on that particular day when he left without consent. He had to accept he complicated the situation for himself. His case was dismissed with this basis in mind. This is the same with the situation which the employee who had been accused of stealing product from the company her chances of reinstatement were almost nil; as it is that she is a victim of circumstance – she had not stolen anything and what she was accused of stealing did not cost anything more than $10. She could not defend herself, as the union did not even consider arbitration for her case. In that case, the termination was left to stand as it was demanded by the union’s executive and thus she had no choice but to accept the situation as it presented itself to her. The union could not defend her as her grievance was of low success probability. Thus, it did not take this case into consideration. The second case is an instance where a unionized employee has had a back related problem and this has resulted in her absenteeism that i s two and half times, the recommended average of the companys’requirement. The company needs to fill the position of this employee with someone whose attendance is more certain and assured. This move is considerably human since the employee did not intend for anything to happen to her while working at the company (Marten,1961). In Alberta Labor Relations Board, Susan Iuni of Rocky view Hospital filed a complaint that her bargaining agent the Canadian Union of Public Employees had failed to represent her fairly in respect to her

A report on the foreign policy of the United States towards Russia Essay

A report on the foreign policy of the United States towards Russia - Essay Example Likewise, the need to analyze and improve Russo-American relations remains inevitable if global security, economic gains and political stability are to be realised in the West, Europe and the rest of the world. Brief history of the foreign relations of the US with Russia Russo-American relations started taking shape during World War I and II when the US and Russia fought alongside each other as Allied Powers, against Central Powers that had coalesced around the belligerent Germany. Prior to World War I and II, Russo-American relations had not taken a definitive shape, since America opted for the Doctrines of Non-Interference and Neutrality, wishing not to be drawn into the affairs and battles of Europe. The conclusion of World War II left the world with Russia and the US as two centers of power which were diametrically opposed to each other, on account of ideology. While Russia opted for socialism and communism as the way of politics and economics, America was committed to perpetuate democracy and capitalism throughout the world. This development sparked this Cold War which lasted from 1945 to 1990 (Brigham, 2010, 600). According to Butler (2011, 420), during this period, Russo-American relations were both belligerent and diplomatic. ... Zakaria (2012, 27) recounts that two decades after the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia’s relations with America has been neither inimical nor friendlier. Despite the facing out of the Cold War confrontation, America and Russia have not nurtured sustainable bilateral cooperative relations. Russo-American relations only come to the fore when inevitable matters relating to climate change, international relations and nuclear nonproliferation need addressing (Nakajima, 2007, 450). Key Interests that the US has towards Russia Despite the US and Russia having well-known inimical relations especially at the height of the Cold War era, yet, these two countries harbour key interests in each other. Russo-American relations remain important in sustaining and effecting New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) which was signed in 2010 and ratified in 2011. The main essence of START is to assuage the quantity of strategic missile launchers by half, and to ef fect new and more effective inspection regimes. Currently, both President Obama and Putin are committed to global security issues such as nuclear non-proliferation and counterterrorism, in spite of the prevailing differences over Iran’s nuclear program and the BMD program. According to Christopher (2006, 329), America continues to bank on Russia’s military support in Kyrgyzstan, Manas Transit Center, given that Russia is interested in Western and American victory in Afghanistan and the successful withdrawal of American troops therefrom. This form of military support is very sacrosanct since Manas Transit Center is the only American facility in Central Asia and is therefore key

From Typical Contracts to E-Contracts Assignment

From Typical Contracts to E-Contracts - Assignment Example Therefore it is advantageous as it saves both consumers the time they would have used to travel to the signing offices. Third, the technology has greatly improved efficiency in the real estate sector hence resulting to reduce â€Å"contract-to-closing times.† Also, the electronic contract system reduces deforestation. This is because it has eliminated the use of papers for documentation. Instead, it uses CD’s where the signed documents are stored and issued to the consumers. In addition, the new procedures favor consumers who do not like to reveal their identity. This is because there is no eye contact between the buyer and seller. The only person who gets to meet the consumers is the attorney thus providing privacy to those who value their personal privacy. From the 1st classmate, I would agree with him that it feels different while closing deals through electronic system compared with the traditional way. Despite the difference in two methods, both need much attention as a way of maintaining accuracy. By using this method, consumers risk losing nothing since they are guaranteed protection from the real estate companies. None of their protection will be jeopardized in electronic contracts since all procedures are done in private. To the 2nd classmate, I think you should end the doubts you have towards the e-contract system. It is true people rarely read the whole contract but with the use of e-contracts, one can read them faster than reading hard copies . The search and find tools make all the difference thereby making the transactions easy and transparent. In addition to this, conditions precedent adhere to thereby the whole procedure is done under the discharge performance rule. By this, it means that the completion of the consumers’ contract can only be done through following what was promised before the signing of that contract.

Write an evaluation of a published macroeconomic forecast Essay

Write an evaluation of a published macroeconomic forecast - Essay Example This means that there is continuous growth in future, which is brought by the banks’ new advances made on the credits extended to customers. In the next quarter the economy is expected to perform even much better. Another contributor to the economic growth is the housing for the last more than 5 months, sales of real estates hasbeen evident. This is backed by the new modern homes that have been constructed and some which are still under construction. For example, CoreLogic Home Price Index rose by 1.1% in a year. This is according to chapter three of the (economic forecast publication r April 2014). In comparison, the housing construction and sales vary by 9%, construction rate being higher than the sales. This is a growth indicator. Manufacturing and processing sectors have added wonderful growth indicators to the economic growth. The May returns of this year are anticipated to be the highest for the last three years. This follows last years 5% growth, which is highest for the last three years now. Key assumptions here are that: the government does not take care of the borrowers where the cost of loans is very high. The government assumes that there is general growth. They don’t take care of the private sectors and individuals who bear the high cost of economic growth through coast of loans. The second assumption is the policy of selling the homes. It is more beneficial to hold investments than sales, especially real estates. This is in regard to the principle of the investment multiplier concept. The audience of this information is the potential investors, shareholders and the government agencies. Some areas have been exaggerated. Firstly, the sales of assets are lower in long term growth in GDP. Anothe r one is the high cost of loans shifted to borrowers. The borrowers are economically affected. Labor market shows a negative image compared to developments as said earlier in the US economic

Employee relations and engagement Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 2

Employee relations and engagement - Coursework Example Some firms have even structured their systems to allow the employees co-own the companies they work for and participate in their day-to-day management activities This has proved to be a plus in the attempts to improve employees’ performance. This report analyses the situation of Waitrose; a branch of the John Lewis Partnership. This study found out that Waitrose is a company that is dear to Employment Engagement (EE) and Employee Relations (ER). It was found out that Waitrose uses three basic practices to meet this demand: employee-partner system, creating low-level employee involvement and enabled communication systems. It is recommended that the company replaces its data survey system, select, hire and train managers who are passionate about employee engagement. Lastly, it was suggested that the company should develop assessment and evaluation frameworks for monitoring employee engagement. The human resource is among the key stakeholders that companies are keen on enhancing their welfare so they may perform highly towards the growth of the company. With increased research and studies, businesses are now enlightened on the importance of promoting and maintaining healthy and positive employees’ relations and engagement. Systems have been aligned to ensure that each and every employee within the organisation can efficiently interact, communicate and coordinate with others. The overall culture has also been modified to synchronise with the management’s pursuit to promote effective engagement and relations amongst workers. According to Bakker and Leiter (2010: 101), organisations are more likely to succeed and prosper if the coordination and engagement amongst their workers are enhanced. Working in an enabling environment motivates employees to deliver their best performance for the prosperity of the company. However, to promote these relations and engagement s amongst employees, various frameworks and procedures must be put in place to guide

Effects of Vietnam War on American Society Essay

Effects of Vietnam War on American Society - Essay Example However, 5 years after the fall of the Saigon, there seemed to be a renewal in the interest of the Vietnamese war. Network television, music and even Hollywood made the Vietnam War almost a part of the American culture. The veterans of the war together with journalists and scholars seemed to have immediately discovered a basis for their literature. Most of the messages that were conveyed from the materials produced on the war were pegged on the lessons gained from it as well as the legacies that it had left. The focus was on the extent of damage that the war had on the attitudes of the Americans, the institutions and on the foreign policies that the government had adopted. The Vietnam War was referred by some as the worst occurrence in the then 200 year history of the US. The immediate reaction of the nation was to evaluate the damage that the war had, not only in the physical sense, but also in terms of lost confidence and pride by the people who had long regarded their country as t he epitome of power and as an invincible force. The war was a very costly affair. The exact amount spent was estimated to have been $167 billion (Chambers 3). The economic woes that befell the decision by the then president, Lyndon B. Johnson, to finance the war and the Great Society were translated to the population in terms of increased taxes, double-digit figures in terms of inflation and an increase in the federal debt that was responsible for the lowering of the living standards of the citizens. The war had also served to weaken the political power and competence of the ruling class. The public lost faith in the government in the aftermath of the war. All forms of authority in the country at the time were treated with skeptism that almost resembled cynicism accompanied by high degrees of distrust and suspicion. After 5 years of silence, the public decided to voice their opinions and these were characterized by strong antiwar sentiments. In the wake of these events, the military suffered the worst effects as it was discredited and treated casually for a number of years. There is no other point in history where Americans had as low an opinion for public institutions as the period after the Vietnam War. The bipartisan consensus that America had enjoyed since the end of the Second World War and which supported its foreign policy was dissolved with the public became wary of any calls for the country to intervene in areas where democracy was lacking. There was uproar especially from members of the Democratic Party who questioned the role of America as the world?s policeman. The then democratic majority in congress passed a resolution that barred a president from sending any troops to war for a period beyond 90 days without the congressional consent. Congress further put a limit to the powers that the country could exercise in pursuit of objectives arising from foreign policy. The country struggled to avert the Vietnam syndrome that was associated with the negat ive effects that enfolded there. This syndrome came into play when President Reagan proposed intervention in Nicaragua and also when President Bush I decided to drive the Iraqis out of Kuwait. Although the interventions were successful, the Vietnam syndrome had not completely left the minds of the American as was witnessed in the decision by President Clinton to send peacekeeping troops

Psychological influences learning Problem Essay

Psychological influences learning Problem - Essay Example 3.1 Impress upon the participants the fact that a non-smoker or someone who has successfully quit is enviable from perspective of being stably in better physical condition as well as possessing a stronger will power and being free from the dependence over nicotine. 3.2 A rounding up of the motivational segment of the program with a reference to the costliness of the habit highlighting the amount of money that a non-smoker saves over a smoker simply by not being one. 4.2 No restrictions on the number of smokes but participants have to wrap up their cigarette packs with a white sheet of paper on which they shall write down the time of the smoke and degree of enjoyment they have of it, each time they light up. It is imperative that the pack is wrapped up after the smoke and the participants carry pencils with them to ensure they don’t fail this. 5.1 From hereon the participants shall be restricted from smoking at least within 15 minutes following consumption of any food or drink barring water. Everyday they will be made to read out the posters and each session will begin and end with the participants swearing they will quit on the set date. 5.2 Participants will be asked to read out from their respective wrappers. They will be made to note how the degree of enjoyment varies from very high to very low for different smokes during the day implying some of these can be readily stopped. 6.2 The participants will be asked to refute the urge for 10 minutes and during this time they shall be told to take a look at the jar of stubs and smell its scent. The jar is to be looked upon as one containing very harmful worms. 9.1 Participants are told to have one last final smoke at their chosen time of the day and to commit to themselves to it being the last smoke of their lives. Point out quitting will not be a problem but prepare participants for the withdrawal stage 9.2 participants are to start saving each dollar that was to be spent

Social and Environmental Impact of Diamond Mining in Africa Case Study

Social and Environmental Impact of Diamond Mining in Africa - Case Study Example The paper tells that there were some De Beers who had done some research in this region and had identified it as a potential mining ground for diamond, although they did not reveal the discovery to the locals The process that begun as a simple business soon attracted the attention of international investors and by the time the government tried to intervene, the process had gone far; many people had already gotten established the business. The government had to exert excessive force to disrupt the illegal activity and many people were killed in the process â€Å"hospital officials at Mutare General Hospital reported on one occasion, the arrival of 75 bodies believed to have been killed in the ‘Chiadzwa conflict’ †. Since the discovery of diamond, the community has experienced some social transformation, which is quite different from other regions that also carry out diamond mining. The major difference being that most of the other diamond mining areas in Africa hav e been affected by rebel groups, though this was during the initial stages. The illegal mining by the locals later transformed into the participation of local police also as illegal miners. It called for the intervention of African Consolidated Resources to initiate a programme to oversee the fencing of the mining region, but the program was ignored once the practice was declared free to all. The government had to again use the military operation to stop all the mining activities that had been regarded as illegal. During this process, locals suffered much oppression from the military, especially when an operation that was called Wakazvionepi which meant â€Å"where did you get your riches from† was launched. It also took the intervention of civil rights activists to condemn the allegation regarding the human rights abuse. The new panners dominated their daily functions in Chiadzwa and the neighboring regions; as a result, the local communities were gradually getting displaced .

Critically analyse the proposition that Non-state actors are Essay

Critically analyse the proposition that Non-state actors are irrelevant to world politics - Essay Example According to Knutsen 2007, one of the proponents of liberalism, it was noted that the world liberalist reached a point where their contribution was no longer relevant to the world politics. As a result, the growth of non state actors was the only thing that would bring more changes to the world politics. Consequently, scholars with the same idea on Liberalism argued that those supporting Realism were longer in a position to give a comprehensive theory pertaining to world politics because numerous changes had taken place since the second world war (Levelev 2011). In this regard, it is argued that realist only come up paradigm leads to unsatisfactory results that do not give the actual analysis on world politics. Conversely, scholar associated to Realism schools of thought argue that it is through this school that analyzing of world politics have taken place in the best interest of the people. Having dated back to the period of second world war, their main agenda was to ensure that that the occurrence of another war would not be possible (Levelev 2011). In this regard, scholars assumed that states were the basic imperative actors in politics with relation to seeking power that acted as means and ends to itself. Never the less, both schools of thoughts have agreed that international politics revolve around the struggle for power (Moravcsik and Milner 2006). Reinalda 2011 argues that Liberalism is the best placed theoretical framework that has been used for over three decades to clearly demonstrate the importance of non -state actors in the world politics. Basically, non-state actors comprise of both transnational organizations and international governmental organizations, non-governmental organisations, companies, social movements. Through this theoretical framework, scholars urged their

Motivation and Reward Systems Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Motivation and Reward Systems - Research Paper Example Rewards are classified into two groups, namely, extrinsic (e.g. promotions, salary increases) and intrinsic (e.g. job satisfaction, enhanced self-confidence). Intrinsic rewards arise from the interplay between the job and the individual. Fundamental intrinsic aspects involve knowledge of outcomes, accountability, and meaningfulness (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003, 234). Knowledge of outcomes is associated with feedback on employee performance. Accountability is related to the extent employees feel responsible for the outcomes of their performance. Meaningfulness refers to the extent employees see their job as valuable. In order to build employee motivation, a job should substantially possess all three aspects. It must involve a variety of tasks, generate concrete outcomes, and affect others (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). These aspects are associated with meaningfulness. The work must also result in self-reliance. This aspect is associated with accountability. Ultimately, the job must give way to feedback on performance. This aspect is associated with knowledge of outcomes. Extrinsic rewards must satisfy five conditions, namely, significance, flexibility, frequency, visibility, and expense. In terms of significance, members of the organization should give importance to the possible rewards arising from their performance. With regard flexibility, because individuals differ in the forms of rewards they want, an effective reward system should accommodate individual differences (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011).... Meaningfulness refers to the extent employees see their job as valuable. In order to build employee motivation, a job should substantially possess all three aspects. It must involve a variety of tasks, generate concrete outcomes, and affect others (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). These aspects are associated with meaningfulness. The work must also result in self-reliance. This aspect is associated with accountability. Ultimately, the job must give way to feedback on performance. This aspect is associated with knowledge of outcomes. Extrinsic rewards must satisfy five conditions, namely, significance, flexibility, frequency, visibility, and expense. In terms of significance, members of the organization should give importance to the possible rewards arising from their performance. With regard flexibility, because individuals differ in the forms of rewards they want, an effective reward system should accommodate individual differences (Griffin & Moorhead, 2011). As regards frequency, the mor e frequently rewards are granted and the more immediate they follow performance, the more successful they are expected to be. However, several rewards become ineffective when granted habitually. In terms of visibility, rewards are boosted when other individuals are aware of them. And lastly, as regards expense, the organization should be capable of giving out rewards (Rothwell & Kazanas, 2003). The Truth about Money as a Motivator and a Type of Reward Monetary rewards can raise motivation. Individuals need financial resources and hence desire money. Financial incentives can build motivation but it is not the sole driver of motivation. Wallace and Szilagyi explained that financial aspects can fulfill several

Consumer Behavior - Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behavior - Marketing - Assignment Example They were chosen as my subjects since they bought a high-involvement product which is a laptop . It is considered a high-involvement product since it is quite expensive and would be used for a long period. At the beginning, it was quite hard to look for these two subjects since many people buy different types of high-involvement products. Fortunately, some friends helped me out in finding two subjects who bought different brands of laptop some months ago. The profile of the subjects vary greatly, nevertheless, they are typical consumers since they go through a lot of painful decision-making before buying a product. Also, they needed advice from friends or colleague before making a decision of their own. Consumer A is a technogeek, someone whose main source of living is developing operating systems in an IT company. He is a very busy person living a high-profile life in the city. However, he is the father of a friend that is why he agreed to be my subject. The other subject is a stude nt in a university, a social science major heavily involved with research. I think their background would somehow be significant in their decision process in acquiring a laptop. In order to a have a logical presentation of the process they went through, I decided to tabulate the result in a table. Technogeek’s old laptop broke down and needed many upgrades to cope up with is demands being an incessant programmer. His need for a laptop is like his need for oxygen. He immediately bought a laptop three days after his old laptop broke down. His need is mainly triggered by his job. This consumer felt that there were too many demands from her research subjects. Although she has a desktop in her dorm, she needs a laptop to access the wi-fi environment on her campus. She also hangs out late night at some coffee shop writing her papers. Her need is triggered by mobility and access to information anytime she wants

Arabic Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arabic Culture - Essay Example The Arabic language is a unifying language that is spoken by people classified as Semites and who are Asians of African origin while the language remains to have a lot of resemblance with Hebrew language. Arabic language is widely used among the Arabs and Muslims together with extensive use among the local communities as a vernacular language. There is a notable difference in the dialect of Arabic language which range from the modern standard, the media and the educated and the Arabic as vernacular (Mellor 55). Arabic language plays a significant role in the Arabic culture. For instance, some terminologies used in the Quran which is written in Arabic cannot be translated to other languages thereby, making Arabic a unifying factor in the Arab culture. Some of the terms that cannot be translated are kept in their original formats making it essential for people intending to become Islamic scholars to study the Arabic language (Mellor 111). In addition, Classical Arabic which is the main language used to write the Quran is the sole language used for presiding religious functions including prayers and Quran studying. It is for this reasons that I conclude that Arabic language plays a critical role in Arabic culture due to its usage in Quran writing which is a unifying book among the Arabs who are

Military history of Canada during World War II Essay - 13

Military history of Canada during World War II - Essay Example Britain, too, came to respect the new military competence of the Canadians, especially since the Canadian forces excelled themselves on the battlefield at the end of the war. Granatstein believes that the cost of the war, both economically and in terms of Canadian lives lost, was severe, but that the war brought a much more significant benefit of allowing Canada escape British domination and take its rightful place as the nation free to make its own military and political choices. Closer collaboration with America was, in Granatstein’s view, a useful by-product of this process. I choose this book focuses on the left in Canadian politics and explains how the sudden need for increased production in Canadian factories led to a new focus on industrial relations. Furthermore, the unions helped to increase production of military goods, including aircraft, and some, notably in the aircraft industry achieved major gains for their workers. In general, Morton states, the government did not turn its pro-union statements into action and in fact in the early 1940s when inflation threatened to damage the growing economy, price and wage controls were imposed. This strategy worked, bringing price stability and full employment. This, in turn, gave workers more bargaining power and the unions achieved greater benefits for them. The Atlantic Charter of 1941 with its aims to achieve â€Å"freedom from want†, â€Å"social security† and â€Å"fair labor standards†, was a direct result of Canadian-British wartime co-operation and had a long-term effect far be yond the immediate wartime situation. Morton describes the strikes of the immediate post-war years as a â€Å"testing of strength† between unions and managers and a demonstration that systems and processes laid down in the war years were an effective framework for the future. This book takes a look at Canada from the cultural point of view.  Ã‚  

Resume chapter 16 (EXPORT-ORIENTED GROWTH IN EAST ASIA) Essay

Resume chapter 16 (EXPORT-ORIENTED GROWTH IN EAST ASIA) - Essay Example The global recession of 2008 also affected their economies, but their experiences in international trade are all worth studying because they derived much success in it. With these HPAE are subgroups such as the Four Tigers, namely Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Another group is the Newly Industrializing Economies (NIE) of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. China has a category all its own due to its size and communism influence. The NIE followed suit after the Four Tigers’ economies took off. Experts have analyzed how the HPAE have sustained their economic success and found that these countries were careful in maintaining stable macroeconomics. They also prioritized sharing the benefits of their economic growth with their citizens by providing them access to health care, education and housing, so people were made to feel they were well taken care of. Such actions were successful in soliciting people’s support and confidence. In turn, the high rates of lite racy produced in their people were attractive to foreign investors and multicultural firms. Another reason for their success is the promotion of their exported products while being open to imports. These countries believed that exportation provided the foreign exchange earnings they needed as well as encouraged businesses to be competitive in coming up with high quality products to export while importation brought about new technologies and novel products to update their knowledge in skills. Income rates in these Asian countries are much higher than their Latin American counterparts. As opposed to them, East Asian economy did not have high inequality in income and wealth at the beginning of their growth. The pattern followed what was known as â€Å"Kuznet’s curve†, which suggested equality first declines and then rises. The relative equality in these nations resulted from the characteristic sharing of wealth from economic success. Hence, the provision of basic needs as well as land reform, free public education, free basic health care and significant investments in rural infrastructure such as clean water systems, transportation and communication systems. The positive outcomes of such provision extends to the rise in business opportunities since the people have purchasing power to support small- and medium-scale entrepreneurs which are locally based. This contributes to political stability and sustains the interest of businesses in to invest in these countries on a long-term basis. The export push in the East Asian nations resulted in more than double their share in total world exports and total world manufactured exports. Such success was attributed to education policies favouring the advocacy of literacy spread in primary and secondary schooling. On top of that, HPAE nations endorsed export promotion plicies that created an impetus for export businesses. For example, export financing credit and tax benefits were readily available in Japan and t he Four Tigers for businesses that reach their export targets. Tariff-free access to imports of capital equipment needed in manufacturing is also provided. Such practices of export promotion connected with high rates of growth may be considered controversial in economics as well as sharing such export promotion strategies with other nations as it is likely to create trade conflicts since it may go against the rules of fair trade agreed to by the members of the World Trade Organization. The stability maintained in macroeconomic environments in the

Glaxo Dual Pricing case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Glaxo Dual Pricing case - Essay Example The legislation determining the price was used to identify the price of the drug. The law in Spain allowed for drug sale at prices determined by Glaxo. Hence, Glaxo sold drugs in Spain at low prices while it raised the prices if the drug was to be resold in a country that would buy at a higher price. In 2001 the Commission made a decision which regarded article 81 was applicable to the medicines that were to be sold and thus, they did not warrant exclusion. Glaxo’s position was that the precise factors that were ongoing at that time in the pharmaceutical trade were supposed to lead to various evaluation of competition in the industry. The precise factors as determined by Glaxo were the impact of parallel trade on medicine consumers, the effect of parallel trade on drug shortages, the effect of price control by European Union member states and the effect of parallel trade on research and development. The attorney general rejected these points of view by Glaxo. They were also nullified by the European Court of Justice. It was stated that the pharmaceutical business was not exempt from the criterion of Competition Law as all industries were under it. Articles 81(1) and 81(3) were of importance to the case. Glaxo noted the importance of price regulation by countries. The fina l judgements of the case were applicable to all undertakings in spite of their sectors (Rey and Venit, 2009). The European Commission has protected and encouraged parallel trade for prescription medicines under its administrative wing. Also, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice in relation to competition laws and free trade of goods has resulted in existence of parallel trade for prescription medicines. The pharmaceutical industry depends on its own profits to finance its objectives, hence a reason of encouragement to partake in parallel trade. According to Rey and Venit (2009), variations exist in European Union member countries in terms of their

Reveiw of Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reveiw of - Research Proposal Example However, a more dominant reason that poses the real problem in containing CHF is the non compliance by patients of the physician’s instructions. This it leads to recurrent hospitalization of the patient and the path to recovery becomes cumbersome and, more often than not, fatal result ensure. Thus, the theory gains importance as on the prospect of evolving the proper means to identify the problems and come up with appropriate solutions to eradicate the same. The major findings to this theory of non compliance to physicians’ instructions stems mainly due to certain factors mentioned below: 1. Inability of patients to recognize correctly signs and symptoms of CHF. 2. Strategic failure to encourage patients to adhere to medication and create awareness and also physicians’ tendency to underestimate the values of preventive treatment. 3. Lack of expertise as well as focused study by physicians and other healthcare professionals in the subject and the areas where scope exists for improvement, to remove bottlenecks, besides curtailing any notion of prejudiced barriers. Therefore, to bring more CHF patients under the ambit of compliance, the task of basic training and education and incorporating many of the solutions and recommendations brought forth in the review of the research work discussed below are expected to help in overcoming the misconceptions of non-compliance. Review of Research In the modern day, with its problematic lifestyles, CHF has become a major threat to human lives. The challenges for healthcare professionals, in controlling this fatal issue in terms of finding solutions of long term nature, are a critical factor. This makes it necessary to identify the hurdles they confront in the process of recovery and rehabilitation of the patients assigned to their care, and how they can overcome the major constraints. Keeping in view this vital aspect, the broader concern that emerges is whether noncompliance plays a key role in recurrent hospitalization of CHF patients because of the physician’s underestimation in preventive treatment for improved outcomes. This major hurdle in efficient management of Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome and Time (PICOT) occurs mainly due to noncompliance by patients of the physician’s instructions due to lack of lack of awareness. In agreement of this hypothesis there exists overwhelming evidence and the reasons for the same, as gleaned from a literature review on the topic, are narrated below: 4. Ignorance and lack of understanding regarding signs and symptoms of CHF. 5. Strategic failure to encourage patients to adhere to medication and creating awareness in them on the need to overcome such problems through strict compliance. 6. The physicians and other healthcare professionals lack expertise in the subject and the areas where scope exists for improvement as well as to remove bottlenecks. Besides, they need to eschew any notion of prejudiced barriers. Hen ce, a formula has to be evolved, where more patients of CHF are brought under the perspective of compliance to preventive treatment and how basic training and education will help identifying the causes as well as signs and symptoms. Besides, it will also facilitate deciding and administrating the medication and treatment that

Cost of Goods Checkpoint Essay Example for Free

Cost of Goods Checkpoint Essay A multi-step income statement for a trading business highlights the fact that between 40% and 60% of revenue from sales is accounted for as the cost of goods sold. The cost of goods attributed to a company’s products is expensed as the company sells these goods. There are several ways to calculate COGS but one of the more basic ways is to start with the beginning inventory for the period and add the total amount of purchases made during the period then deducting the ending inventory. (According to Kimmel, Weygandt, and Kieso), cost of goods sold is found by taking the cost of goods available for sale (beginning merchandise inventory + net purchase), less the ending merchandise inventory (p. 244). In a wholesale or retail trading business, merchandise held for resale in the normal course of business is the largest asset owned by the organization. For this reason it is vital that accurate up-to-date records be maintained when goods are acquired and inventories taken. Finished goods and or merchandise makes up cost of goods sold. There are two classifications of inventory: merchandiser or manufacturer. In a merchandiser company inventory consists of many items all different. Whereas, a manufacturer, some inventory may not be ready (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, p. 282). Examples of items that make up cost of goods include; produce, clothing, electronics, items that can be resold from manufacture to a company to the customer. This means when the business acquires a finished product, the cost of the product goes into an inventory asset account. The customer will then purchase the product, finished good, the business transfers the cost of the product from the inventory asset account to the cost of goods sold expense account because the product is no longer in the business’s inventory (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, p. 282). References Kimmel, P. D. , Weygandt, J. J. , Kieso, D. E. (2011). Financial accounting: Tools for business decision making (6th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Of Mice and Men - Importance of Dreams Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Importance of Dreams Essay Dreams are an ingrained part of our lives, and those who strive to achieve them show extraordinary devotion and resolve. The allure of a brighter future, of a better life, can both benefit and harm, as John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men illustrates. Living in a time of pain and loss, the characters in the novella cling to their dreams. However, these dreams are beyond attainment, of no importance for accomplishment, and bring them nothing but regret. This essay will demonstrate how hopes and dreams are unimportant for success and happiness, as they are unachievable and bring only pain. Firstly, the pursuit of dreams is futile, as they cannot be achieved. The dream that the two protagonists, George and Lennie, harbour recurs throughout the novel. Their dream is to one day own their own property and to become self-sufficient, and the realization of this dream becomes more likely as the novel nears its climax. However, the dream shatters with the death of Lennie, devastating George, as George cannot envisage the dream without Lennie. The dreams of the other characters, such as Candy and Crooks, are also shown to be beyond realization. Candy, knowing that he is soon to outlive his usefulness, hopes that he can come and live with George and Lennie and to have the freedom to work or rest as he pleases. However, this also is broken when Lennie dies. The black stable-hand Crooks is the only character that clearly understands the futility of dreams. I seen hundreds of men come by on the road an on the ranches. . . every damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head. An never a God damn one of em ever gets it. Just like heaven Nobody never gets to heaven, and nobody gets no land.(Crooks, Chapter 4) Crooks dreams of being equal to the other workers, but he understands that he is not considered equal. He briefly joins the dream that George and Lennie have, but withdraws his offer to help on the farm when he accepts that dreams are not possible: the freedom and happiness that they wish for is not found in the world they live in. The impossibility of achieving dreams makes them unimportant; they remain unfulfilled, leaving the holder with nothing. Secondly, when unfulfilled, dreams cause regret and misery. The unfulfilled dream of Curleys wifes has left her discontent, and she lives a lonely life with her inattentive husband. Her dream was to escape from her oppressive mother and become an actor. A show come through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with the show. But my ol lady wouldn let meIf Id went, I wouldnt be livin like this, you bet.' (Curleys wife, Chapter 5) Because of her mother, Curleys wife was never able to achieve her dream, just like the other characters, leaving her only with the knowledge that she could have had a better life. Her attitude and manner around the ranch evidences this. Her bitterness and attempts to draw attention from the other men, simply so she can have some companionship, are clear indicators of her dissatisfaction and loneliness. Curleys wife is an example of dreams leaving the holder with regret when unfulfilled, and of how they are not important for success. Lastly, without dreams, people can still be successful and satisfied. The ranchs skinner, Slim, is described as a highly skilled and content man, and as the prince of the ranch. He moved with a majesty only achieved by royalty and master craftsmen his authority was so great that his word was taken on any subject, be it politics or love. (Chapter 2, Of Mice and Men) However, while the other characters have dreams, Slim appears to have none. He never mentions any of his own, but rather supports others with theirs. It is demonstrated that he does not want anything outside of what he has, and that he has not created any plans. Whether it is because he, like Crooks, understands the futility of dreams, or because he is simply satisfied with his place in life, Slim does not possess them, and despite of this, he has the highest status among the workers. He stands as the primary example of how dreams are not required for somebody to be successful. In conclusion, it can be seen that dreams are not important. Not only do dreams leave those who keep them with unhappiness, such as with Curleys wife, but they also cannot be achieved due to the cruel nature of fate, leaving them unfulfilled. These dreams, whether they are fulfilled or not, are shown to be unnecessary for contentment, as evidenced by Slim, the most successful worker. Ultimately, the nature of dreams is best illustrated by the poem from which the novel draws its name. The best laid schemes o mice an men Gang aft agley, An leae us nought but grief an pain For promisd joy. (Robert Burns, To a Mouse) As it has been shown, dreams are not important; they are beyond reach, offer nothing, and bring only unhappiness to those who keep them, whether they are accomplished or not.

The Present Business Strategy Of Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

The Present Business Strategy Of Mcdonalds Commerce Essay Macro environment includes social and demographic, legal and political process, technological, and environmental factors (Kotler, 2003). The forces in Macro environment have a major impact at the level of industry. Macro environment refers to some external factors which are uncontrollable and effects in decision making of any organisation. Sometimes business has to change their business strategy in the change of macro environment. This change is obvious for large organisation when they are expanding their business nationally and internationally in the line of new operations. In business term it is called PESTEL analysis. In 1890 and early 1990 PEST forces was widely used to identify the future business trends. (John Kew, and John Stredwick, p1). Gerry Johnson etl (p54) also emphasizes that the PEST tools can be used to identify the future trends of business and the impact on organization. As we know that business is continually reacting to changes in the environments in which they operate. This is because a PEST analysis of Political, Economical, Social, and Technological factors will reveal many of the external influences on a business performance Therefore, a PEST analysis is considered as a useful tool for analysing a business and in particular understanding market growth or decline. (Robert J. And Chapman, p-118). PESTEL Factors Political Local, National, Global policies Administrative burden Tax , tax, Tax Political influence, pressure Economical Inflation ,unemployment ,trade GDP, consumption, investment, growth Deregulation Monetary policy, fiscal policy Globalization Social Demographic (national and local)- age, gender, race. Households, education, health Income distribution , expenditure Life style and work, leisure balance Social responsibility and business ethics Technological Information technology, digital electronics New systematic materials New energy sources Micro technologies Biotechnology Cost/benefits, implementation Legal Employment law: health, data protection, race, sex, disability, employment rights, employment relations. Customer law: description of goods, sale of goods, safety of goods Corporate law: company law, fair trading, competition law, surveillance. Eco-environmental Global warming population unsustainable development methodologies and process- farming, nuclear power stake holder power, influence The Impact of Economic and Social environment on McDonalds Corporation: Economic factors All businesses are affected by national and global economic factors. National and global interest rate and fiscal policy will be set around economic conditions. The climate of the economy dictates how consumers, suppliers and other organisational stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors behave within society. Economic factors affect both the business organization and its consumers and customer irrespectively. Increase of interest rate affects a firms cost of capital; exchange rate affects the cost of exporting goods and supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Inflation may provoke higher wage demands from employees and cost. Business will need to understand how to cope with the changes of economical factors. McDonalds collaborates with suppliers to obtain fresh, high quality ingredient for their products and at the same time reducing the cost of food. So dealing with the international suppliers the McDonalds face a lot of economic variables such as currency exchange. An economy undergoing recession will have high unemployment, low spending power and low stakeholder confidence. Conversely a booming or growing economy will have low unemployment, high spending power and high stakeholder confidence. In recent years fast food industry has experienced a fatal affect due to the credit crunch, and we can see the reflection on changing of the menu price. Also the minimum wages of hourly paid employee has been increased which increase the company cost. In the case of McDonalds corporation changing the economical factors could not affect the company strategy. The company that is more recession resistant. They served an extra two million customers a month in 2008 compared with last year. They also offer 4000 new job in these tougher trading time. The UK inflation Rate Annual inflation rates 12 month percentage change The figure above shows the in UK the inflation rate in June, at 1.8 per cent in 2009. We can see that there was also a large downward pressure from restaurants and hotels where prices rose by less than a year ago. In 2008 the global comparable sales increase 6.9%, revenues increased to a record $23.5 billion, and earnings per share rose 17 and 15 percent respectively. In 2009 global comparable sales growth t 3.8%, earning per share rose by 9% respectively. This scenario proves that the company has achieved a satisfactory level success because of better menus, extending the opening hours, renovate restaurants and technology. The economical growth indicates that the recession does not affect the sales growth of McDonald because of their product pricing strategy and the focus on customer needs. Social factors The changes of social factors demand to change the management strategy of the company. Population changes are the one of the vital factors which has a direct impact on organizations. Changes in the structure of a population will affect the supply and demand of goods and services within an economy. Falling birth rates will result in decreased demand and greater competition as the number of consumers fall. Conversely an increase in the global population and world food shortage predictions are currently leading to calls for greater investment in food production. Therefore, organisations must be able to offer products and services that aim to complement and benefit peoples lifestyle and behaviour. If organisations do not respond to changes in society they will lose market share and demand for their product or service. Social culture like values, attitudes, and believes differ from country to country even within the same geographical area can be varied. Social forces affect our attitudes, interests and opinions. Within the UK peoples attitudes are changing towards their diet and health. As a result the UK is seeing an increase in the number of people joining fitness clubs and a massive growth for the demand of organic food. Last year McDonalds was alleged by socially. McDonalds is food is critically commenting because of obesity among the young and children. And other diseases like cardiovascular and cholesterol. The obesity of young people has become a social problem. They add some new food in their menu like, salad, premium salad, fruit beg, and carrot sticks. Considering the future of the business the company and the convenience of customers McDonalds Corporation has taken some initiatives for putting nutritional information for all menu items on the reverse of their tray liners and printing nutritional labelling on the packaging of its food items. The McDonalds Happy meals contain less than 35 percent of calories from fat and 600 calories. PART- B To illustrate the question the Part-B we need to understand and emphasis on several thing which help to make a strong business strategy like market research. Market research can provide authentic the information which will be present strength for the organization and help to avoid future environmental threat. In the competitive business markets McDonalds faces competition from other businesses. Additionally, economic, legal and technological changes, social factors, the retail environment and many other elements affect McDonalds success in the market. To identify the business position and its strengths and weaknesses need to do market research. Market research identifies these factors and anticipates how they will affect peoples willingness to buy. Market research considers everything that affects buying decisions. It can be the psychological factors or product itself. As the economy and social attitudes changes customers buying patterns. McDonalds corporation needs to identify whether the numbers of targeted customers are growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will be changed in the future. In some cases psychological factors are important, e.g. what image does the product give or how the consumer feels when purchasing it. These additional psychological factors are significantly important to the customer. They can be even more important than the products physical benefits. Through marketing, McDonalds establishes a prominent position in the minds of customers. The influence of Macro environment especially on global business organization is significant to change its business strategy and the change of its operations. Macro environment also hold the control of future business decision making. The influences of economic and social environment are the major factor for a business organisation to change its business infrastructure. In recent years the fast food industry has faced a fatal an economic recession and still it has an impact on some business organisation. The overall sales goes down worldwide, some organization could not create new job opportunity at all. If we look at the history of McDonalds Corporations we will find that that in 2008 the global comparable sales increase 6.9%, revenues increased to a record $23.5 billion, and earnings per share rose 17 and 15 percent respectively. During the time of recession the company was operating their business successfully. Also they created 4000 new job opportunity where as other company has to cut down their employee to reduce their cost. For example, McDonalds retained a 33% stake in the Pret A Manger. Economy is the vital factor for technological advancement of a country. If the country is economically stable than they invent new technology an introduce it to facilitate the business activities internally and externally. McDonalds corporation is economically table and doing their business in developed countries and the choice of the customer of those countries, taste and life style, behaviour has been considered consciously to reach the success of the business. The organization has already used technology on till operation and production. In UK restaurant handheld communication devices are already being used to take orders and minimise the queuing times in 500 of McDonalds UK restaurants. They have a plan to use in some 561 drive-thru restaurants BT Open zone Wi-Fi hotspots to attract travelling business people. In the US, wireless communication system in 400 restaurants in four cities attracted new, mainly older users. Touch screen TVs will be piloted in 10 restaurants during the first quarter in 2008. Internet terminals and PlayStations are likely to be introduced this year. McDonalds corporation introduce the modern technology to create more customers and uphold their branding image even in the fatal recession time. To create a more stable position in business market In January 2008, McDonalds started verifying its prices across the country depending on local economic conditions. In this the company increased some food prices in order to compensate for higher wholesale food costs. McDonalds Corporation is also socially concern. As their business operation is linked each other they can focus on local customer choice. To attract the customer and make McDonalds more appealing they are refurbishing and decorating its restaurants. Considering the local tastes they have redesigned 2000 restaurant with casual dining and coffee shop. New staff uniforms are being introduced in 2008, designed by Bruce Oldfield. The refurbishment and creating new image of McDonalds has been possible because of good turnover of business. McDonalds is most popular recognised brand in fast food world. When they intrude in a new business market in new country they must comply with the government policy, keep pace with the political unrest and other political barriers. As McDonalds business strategy is to focus on customer needs and satisfy their needs, they try to provide their best service according to the taste, choice of the people of the country. They also consider the religious value norms and customer attitudes of the customer. For example, in some Muslim country they serve Halal food to the customer. McDonalds void the plastic condiments beg and committed to use environment friendly packaging and recycle it is good decision to protect the balance of environment. In 2008, McDonalds announced that of its Sheffield restaurants have been using a biomass trial that had cut its waste and carbon footprint by half in the area. In addition, in Europe, McDonalds has been recycling vegetable grease by converting it fuel for their diesel trucks. Conclusion The influence of Macro Environment in a specific business organisation is a continuous matter and thus it is obvious that McDonalds restaurant is within its effect in marketing decision making. Despite this tough environment, McDonalds delivered another exceptional of growth, posting strong sales and increased market share around the world. In 2009, global comparable sales increased 3.8 percent. Earnings per share for the year increased 9 percent to $41.11, while consolidated operating income increased 6 percent. According The CEO of McDonalds corporation gladly said there is nothing profound about our plan to win. It essentially identifies the five core divers of our industry-leading owner/ operators, world-class suppliers and talented, experienced employees around initiatives that drive results. Following the marketing strategy of McDonalds it is highly visible that economical and social factors played significant role among the other Macro environmental components. McDonalds has successfully overcome the economic recession and social obligation and gained technological advancement. Though recently government has become strict to provide permission the marketing of fast food restaurant because of the health related issues but McDonalds Corporation has overcome those issues and boost their business in the competitive business market.